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Industrial ecology, popularized in 1989 by the article “Strategies for manufacturing,” which was written by Robert Frosch and Nicholas E. Gallopoulos and appeared in Scientific American, is the study of the material and energy that flow through an industrial system. It brings science to manufacturing by focusing on the connections between the manufacturers and their supply chains. Industrial ecology seeks to create closed loop processes where any waste is recaptured and returned to the system.

The goal of industrial ecology is to design all the manufacturing and production processes so that they mimic and perform as close to living systems as possible. The framework is often referred to as the science of sustainability because of the way it connects various disciplines.