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Clinical attachment level: The distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the tip of a periodontal probe during periodontal diagnostic probing. The health of the attachment apparatus can affect the measurement.¹

Furcation: The anatomical area of a multirooted tooth where the roots diverge.¹

Furcation involvement: Pathologic resorption of bone within a furcation. The degree of interradicular bony destruction of a multirooted tooth. It is characterized by factors such as root trunk length, root concavities, and the extent of root separation.²

Recession: The migration of the marginal soft tissue to a point apical to the CEJ of a tooth or the platform of a dental implant.¹

A thorough and comprehensive clinical and radiographic examination is the critical first step for establishing a proper periodontal diagnosis before a treatment plan can be developed. The objective of this chapter is to review the main components of a periodontal examination and interpretation of these parameters to aid in developing a periodontal diagnosis. The second part of this chapter is an overview of the different classifications for periodontal diseases and conditions that have been proposed and developed over the years.