Читать книгу This is Philosophy of Science - Franz-Peter Griesmaier - Страница 22

1 1 The debate between a dynamic theory of heat and the defenders of the caloric account was an important stage in the development of thermodynamics. Early defenders of the dynamic theory included Galilei Galileo, Isaac Newton, and Robert Boyle, who thought that heat is due to the internal motion of particles. This however was difficult to reconcile with the discovery of latent heat (i.e., the heat absorbed by a substance that undergoes phase change, e.g., melting, but doesn’t rise in temperature) in 1757 by Joseph Black. For details, see Robert D. Purrington, Physics in the Nineteenth Century, Rutgers University Press, 1997, pp. 75–101.

2 2 Elliott Sober, Philosophy of Biology. Westview Press, 1993, p. 32.

3 3 A form of inference related to inductive inferences is reasoning by analogy. We’ll say more about this in Chapter 9.

4 4 A very simple Gettier case involves a clock whose hand is stuck at 5. If you don’t know the clock is broken, you are justified in believing the time it indicates (it has worked reliably so far). Moreover, if you just happen to look at that clock when in fact it is 5 o’clock, you have a true belief that is also justified. But few would say that this justified true belief counts as knowledge of the time, because your belief is only accidentally true.