Читать книгу The English Village Community - Frederic Seebohm - Страница 2

LIST OF MAPS AND PLATES.

CHAPTER I. THE ENGLISH OPEN FIELD SYSTEM EXAMINED IN ITS MODERN REMAINS.

I. THE DISTINCTIVE MARKS OF THE OPEN FIELD SYSTEM.

II. SCATTERED AND INTERMIXED OWNERSHIP IN THE OPEN FIELDS.

III. THE OPEN FIELDS WERE THE COMMON FIELDS OF A VILLAGE COMMUNITY OR TOWNSHIP UNDER A MANOR.

IV. THE WIDE PREVALENCE OF THE SYSTEM THROUGH GREAT BRITAIN.

CHAPTER II. THE ENGLISH OPEN FIELD SYSTEM TRACED BACK TO THE DOMESDAY SURVEY—IT IS THE SHELL OF SERFDOM—THE MANOR WITH A VILLAGE COMMUNITY IN VILLENAGE UPON IT.

I. THE IDENTITY OF THE SYSTEM WITH THAT OF THE MIDDLE AGES.

II. THE WINSLOW MANOR ROLLS OF THE REIGN OF EDWARD III.—EXAMPLE OF A VIRGATE OR YARD-LAND.

III. THE HUNDRED ROLLS OF EDWARD I., EMBRACING FIVE MIDLAND COUNTIES.

IV. THE HUNDRED ROLLS (continued) —RELATION OF THE VIRGATE TO THE HIDE AND CARUCATE.

V. THE HUNDRED ROLLS (continued) —THE SERVICES OF THE VILLEIN TENANTS.

EXAMPLES OF VILLEIN SERVICES.

VI. DESCRIPTION IN FLETA OF A MANOR IN THE TIME OF EDWARD I.

VII. S.E. OF ENGLAND—THE HIDE AND VIRGATE UNDER OTHER NAMES (THE RECORDS OF BATTLE ABBEY AND ST. PAUL'S) .

VIII. THE RELATION OF THE VIRGATE TO THE HIDE TRACED IN THE CARTULARIES OF GLOUCESTER AND WORCESTER ABBEYS, AND THE CUSTUMAL OF BLEADON, IN SOMERSETSHIRE.

VILLEIN SERVICES.

IX. CARTULARIES OF NEWMINSTER AND KELSO (XIII. CENTURY) —THE CONNEXION OF THE HOLDINGS WITH THE COMMON PLOUGH TEAM OF EIGHT OXEN.

X. THE BOLDON BOOK, A.D. 1183.

XI. THE 'LIBER NIGER' OF PETERBOROUGH ABBEY, A.D. 1125.

XII. SUMMARY OF THE POST-DOMESDAY EVIDENCE.

CHAPTER III. THE DOMESDAY SURVEY (A.D. 1086) .

I. THERE WERE MANORS EVERYWHERE.

II. THE DIVISION OF THE MANOR INTO LORD'S DEMESNE AND LAND IN VILLENAGE.

III. THE FREE TENANTS ON THE LORD'S DEMESNE.

IV. THE CLASSES OF TENANTS IN VILLENAGE.

V. THE VILLANI WERE HOLDERS OF VIRGATES, ETC.

VI. THE HOLDINGS OF THE BORDARII OR COTTIERS.

VII. THE DOMESDAY SURVEY OF THE VILLA OF WESTMINSTER.

VIII. THE EXTENT OF THE CULTIVATED LAND OF ENGLAND, AND HOW MUCH WAS INCLUDED IN THE YARD-LANDS OF THE VILLANI.

CHAPTER IV. THE OPEN FIELD SYSTEM TRACED IN SAXON TIMES—THE SCATTERING OF THE STRIPS ORIGINATED IN THE METHODS OF CO-ARATION.

I. THE VILLAGE FIELDS UNDER SAXON RULE WERE OPEN FIELDS.

II. THE HOLDINGS WERE COMPOSED OF SCATTERED STRIPS.

III. THE OPEN FIELD SYSTEM OF CO-ARATION DESCRIBED IN THE ANCIENT LAWS OF WALES.

CHAPTER V. MANORS AND SERFDOM UNDER SAXON RULE.

I. THE SAXON 'HAMS' AND 'TUNS' WERE MANORS WITH VILLAGE COMMUNITIES IN SERFDOM UPON THEM.

II. THE RECTITUDINES SINGULARUM PERSONARUM.

III. THE THANE AND HIS SERVICES.

IV. THE GENEATS AND THEIR SERVICES.

V. THE DOUBLE AND ANCIENT CHARACTER OF THE SERVICES OF THE GEBUR—GAFOL AND WEEK-WORK.

VI. SERFDOM ON A MANOR of KING EDWY.

VII. SERFDOM ON A MANOR OF KING ALFRED.

VIII. THE THEOWS OR SLAVES ON THE LORD'S DEMESNE.

IX. THE CREATION OF NEW MANORS.

X. THE LAWS OF KING ETHELBERT—THERE WERE MANORS IN THE SIXTH CENTURY.

XI. RESULT OF THE SAXON EVIDENCE.

CHAPTER VI. THE TRIBAL SYSTEM (IN WALES) .

I. EVIDENCE OF THE DOMESDAY SURVEY.

II. THE WELSH LAND SYSTEM IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY.

III. THE WELSH LAND SYSTEM ACCORDING TO THE WELSH LAWS.

IV. LAND DIVISIONS UNDER THE WELSH CODES.

V. EARLIER EVIDENCE OF THE PAYMENT OF WELSH GWESTVA, OR FOOD-RENT.

CHAPTER VII. THE TRIBAL SYSTEM (continued) .

I. THE TRIBAL SYSTEM IN IRELAND AND SCOTLAND.

II. THE TRIBAL SYSTEM IN ITS EARLIER STAGES.

III. THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE TRIBAL AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY OF THE WEST AND SOUTH-EAST OF BRITAIN WAS PRE-ROMAN, AND SO ALSO WAS THE OPEN-FIELD SYSTEM.

CHAPTER VIII. CONNEXION BETWEEN THE ROMAN LAND SYSTEM AND THE LATER MANORIAL SYSTEM.

I. IMPORTANCE OF THE CONTINENTAL EVIDENCE.

II. THE CONNEXION BETWEEN THE SAXON 'HAM,' THE GERMAN 'HEIM,' AND THE FRANKISH 'VILLA.'

III. THE ROMAN 'VILLA,' ITS EASY TRANSITION INTO THE LATER MANOR, AND ITS TENDENCY TO BECOME THE PREDOMINANT TYPE OF ESTATE.

IV. THE SMALLER TENANTS ON THE AGER PUBLICUS IN ROMAN PROVINCES—THE VETERANS.

V. THE SMALLER TENANTS ON THE 'AGER PUBLICUS' (continued) —THE LÆTI.

VI. THE 'TRIBUTUM' OF THE LATER EMPIRE.

VII. THE 'SORDIDA MUNERA' OF THE LATER EMPIRE.

VIII. THE TENDENCY TOWARDS A MANORIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE 'AGER PUBLICUS,' OR IMPERIAL DOMAIN.

IX. THE SUCCESSION TO SEMI-SERVILE HOLDINGS; AND METHODS OF CULTIVATION.

X. THE TRANSITION FROM THE ROMAN TO THE LATER MANORIAL SYSTEM.

CHAPTER IX. THE GERMAN SIDE OF THE CONTINENTAL EVIDENCE.

I. THE GERMAN TRIBAL SYSTEM, AND ITS TENDENCY TOWARDS THE MANORIAL SYSTEM.

II. THE TRIBAL HOUSEHOLDS OF GERMAN SETTLERS.

CHAPTER X. THE CONNEXION BETWEEN THE OPEN-FIELD SYSTEM AND SERFDOM OF ENGLAND AND OF THE ROMAN PROVINCES OF GERMANY AND GAUL.

I. THE OPEN-FIELD SYSTEM IN ENGLAND AND IN GERMANY COMPARED.

II. THE BOUNDARIES, OR 'MARCHÆ.'

III. THE THREE FIELDS, OR 'ZELGEN.'

IV. THE DIVISION OF THE FIELDS INTO FURLONGS AND ACRES.

V. THE HOLDINGS—THE YARD-LAND OR HUB.

VI. THE HIDE, THE HOF, AND THE CENTURIA.

VII. THE GAFOL AND GAFOL-YRTH.

VIII. THE BOON-WORK AND WEEK-WORK OF THE SERF.

IX. THE CREATION OF SERFS AND THE GROWTH OF SERFDOM.

X. THE CONFUSION IN THE STATUS OF THE TENANTS ON ENGLISH AND GERMAN MANORS.

XI. RESULT OF THE COMPARISON.

CHAPTER XI. RESULT OF THE EVIDENCE.

I. THE METHOD OF THE ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS.

II. LOCAL EVIDENCE OF CONTINUITY BETWEEN ROMAN AND ENGLISH VILLAGES.

III. CONCLUSION.

APPENDIX.

THE MANOR OF HITCHIN (PORTMAN AND FOREIGN) IN THE COUNTY OF HERTFORD.

PRESENTMENTS OF THE HOMAGE.

COMMONS WITHIN THE TOWNSHIP OF HITCHIN.

SHEEP COMMONS.

INDEX AND GLOSSARY.