PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
THE HISTORY AND SCOPE OF MIGRATION
TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING MIGRATION
Direct Observation
Aural
Preserved Specimens
Marking
Radio Tracking
Radar Observation
Laboratory
ADVANTAGES OF MIGRATION
STIMULUS FOR MIGRATION
WHEN BIRDS MIGRATE
Time of Year
Time of Day
SPEED OF FLIGHT AND MIGRATION
ALTITUDE OF FLIGHT AND MIGRATION
SEGREGATION DURING MIGRATION
By Individuals or Groups of Species
By Age
By Sex
By Kinds of Flocks
WHERE BIRDS MIGRATE
Migration by Populations Within Species
Fall Flights Not Far South of Breeding Range
Long Distance Migration
ORIENTATION AND NAVIGATION
INFLUENCE OF WEATHER
INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHY
PERILS OF MIGRATION
Storms
Aerial Obstructions
Exhaustion
ROUTES OF MIGRATION
General Considerations
Flyways and Corridors
Narrow Routes
Converging Routes
Principal Routes From North America
PATTERNS OF MIGRATION
Loops
Dog-legs
Pelagic Wandering
Leap-frogging
Vertical Migration
Pre-migratory Movements
Vagrant Migration
ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF MIGRATION
WHERE WE STAND
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF BIRD SPECIES MENTIONED IN TEXT
