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The most critical aspect of in vitro culture is the provision of a sterile environment. A plant has certain natural defenses against pathogens and the abiotic environment in which it grows. Cells and tissues lack such protection once extracted from the parent plant. The environment for growing plants in the soil under natural conditions should provide adequate moisture, nutrients, light, temperature, and air. Plant performance can be enhanced by supplementing the growth environment (e.g. by fertilization, irrigation). In tissue and cell culture, plant materials are grown in a totally artificial environment in which nutrients, plus additional factors (e.g. growth regulators) and sometimes antibacterial substances, are supplied. The cultural environment in tissue culture may be adjusted by the researcher to control the growth and development of the cultured material. For example, the researcher may modify the hormonal balance in the culture medium to favor only root or only shoot development. The components of a tissue culture medium may be categorized into four groups: mineral elements, organic compounds, growth regulators, and a physical support system.