Читать книгу Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding - George Acquaah - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The yield of major world food crops is steadily rising. A signifi...Figure B1.1 The focal crops of PhD Plant Breeding students of the WACCI Prog...Figure B1.2 Home countries of current WACCI students showing student numbers...Figure B1.3 The focal crops of PhD graduates of the WACCI Programme (2013–20...Figure B1.4 PhD Plant Breeding graduates trained per country at WACCI (2013–...Figure B1.5 Picture of WACCI Cohort 1 Graduation Ceremony: Fresh Graduates i...

2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 The relationship between gene frequencies and allele frequencies ...Figure 3.2 The approach to linkage equilibrium under random mating of two lo...Figure 3.3 Pedigree diagrams can be drawn in the standard form (a or b) or c...Figure 3.4 The inbreeding coefficient may be calculated by counting the numb...Figure 3.5 Increase in percentage of homozygosity under various systems of i...

3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Environmental effect on gene expression. The phenotype = genotype...Figure 4.2 (a)Nilsson‐Ehle's classical work involving wheat color provided t...Figure 4.3 The effect of phenotypic variance on genetic advance. If the phen...Figure 4.4 Genetic gain or genetic advance from selection indicates the prog...Figure 4.5 The North Carolina Design I. (a) This design is a nested arrangem...Figure 4.6 North Carolina Design II. (a) This is a factorial design. (b) Pai...Figure 4.7 North Carolina Design III. The conventional form (a), the practic...Figure 4.8 Systems genetics of complex traits: An integrative framework show...

4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Schematic representation of alternation of generations in floweri...Figure 5.2 Flowering plants have one of four lifecycles: annual, biennial, p...Figure 5.3 The typical flower has four basic parts: petals, sepals, pistil, ...Figure 5.4 Gametogenesis in plants results in the production of pollen and e...Figure 5.5 Heteromorphic incompatibility showing floral modifications in whi...Figure 5.6 Types of self‐incompatibility: (a) sporophytic, and (b) gametophy...Figure 5.7 Cut‐style and embryo rescue in lily. Overcoming reproductive barr...Figure 5.8 Application of self‐incompatibility in practical plant breeding. ...Figure 5.9 Genetic male sterility as used in practical breeding.Figure 5.10 Cytoplasmic male sterility as applied in plant breeding. N Norma...Figure 5.11 The three systems of cytoplasmic genetic male sterility. The thr...Figure B5.1 Tomato plants inoculated with tomato powdery mildew. (a) The lef...Figure B5.2 The chromosome locations of tomato loci for resistance to tomato...Figure B5.3 Cross‐pollinating scheme of generation of near‐isogenic lines (N...Figure B5.4 Illustration of marker‐assisted selection (MAS). On the left, a ...Figure 5.12 Mendel's postulates: (a) dominance, (b) segregation, and (c) ind...Figure 5.13 The Punnett square procedure may be used to demonstrate the even...Figure 5.14 The branch diagram method may also be used to predict the phenot...Figure 5.15 The test cross. Crossing a homozygous dominant genotype with a h...Figure 5.16 Epistasis or non‐Mendelian inheritance is manifested in a variet...

5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Crossing in yam. The use of magnifying glasses helps with the cro...Figure 6.2 The basic types of crosses used by plant breeders. Some crosses a...Figure B6.1 A stand of Tripsacum dactyloides (eastern gamagrass) in Woodward...Figure B6.2 Hybrid seed set utilizing Ladyfinger popcorn as the maternal par...Figure B6.3 Polyembryony expression in germinating seed of an apomictic 46‐c...Figure B6.4 A series of maize‐Tripsacum ear types. Left to right: dent corn;...Figure B6.5 (a) (left). The satellite region of Tr16L (arrow) that confers a...Figure B6.6 A series of 39‐chromosome maize‐Tripsacum (30Mz + 9Tr) hybrids g...Figure B6.7 (a) (left). A highly maize‐like 38‐chromosome apomictic maize‐Tr...Figure 6.3 In vitro fusion of protoplast cells of tomato and potato to creat...Figure 6.4 An example of a bridge cross. In order to hybridize Italian ryegr...

6 Chapter 7Figure B7.1 Variations in phenotypic expressions of different ploidy constit...Figure B7.2 Different accessions of banana and plantain being maintained in ...Figure B7.3 Phenotypic comparison of plantains and bananas in their fruits f...Figure B7.4 Summary of research activities on Musa species at the Center for...Figure B7.5 Amplification profiles of 66 banana and plantain samples using W...Figure B7.6 Amplification profile of 66 banana and plantain samples using St...Figure B7.7 Amplification profile of 66 banana and plantain samples using In...Figure B7.8 Flow chart of micropropagation of banana. (a) = Preparation of t...Figure B7.9 Research laboratory for Musa tissue culture techniques at the De...Figure B7.10 Micropropagation experimental output from a plantain accession ...Figure B7.11 Flow chart of macropropagation of plantain (Poteau Geant, ABB)....Figure B7.12 Macropropagation experimental output from a plantain accession ...Figure 7.1 Generating haploids in barley by the bulbosom method.

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Taxonomic hierarchy of plants. Plant breeders routinely cross pla...Figure 8.2 (a–h) Morphological variation in leaf color, seed (size, shape, c...Figure 8.3 Genetic recombination results in the production of recombinants i...Figure 8.4 Failure of the genetic spindle mechanism may occur naturally or b...Figure 8.5 In the Ac‐Ds (activator‐dissociation) system of trans...Figure 8.6 Qualitative variation produces discrete measurements that can be ...Figure 8.7 (a) Breeding a qualitative trait conditioned by a recessive gene....Figure 8.8 Quantitative traits are influenced to a larger degree by the envi...

8 Chapter 9Figure B9.1 Flower and foliage of S. etuberosum. Considered a weed in Chile,...Figure B9.2 The progression of tuber type in somatic hybrids of S. etuberosu...Figure B9.3 Segregation of a RFLP specific to S. etuberosum; RFLP probe used...

9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Tubers of domesticated tuberous species are larger and have well...Figure 10.2 Figure B10.1 Composition of the germplasm collections of GRC, IITA, Ibadan....Figure B10.2 Bambara groundnut accessions being regenerated in the field....Figure B10.3 Cowpea accessions in the medium‐term store.Figure B10.4 Yam field at IITA, Ibadan.Figure B10.5 Morphological characterization of yams.Figure B10.6 In vitro bank. Figure B10.7 Working in the cryobank, IITA, Ibadan.Figure B10.8 (a) Screenshots of accession level information on the IITA webs...

10 Chapter 11Figure B11.1 Frequency Distribution of two crosses with a common parent (P1)...Figure B11.2 Dendrogram showing the relationships between cultivars on the A...Figure B11.3 Breakdown of the phases in the development of a successful new ...Figure B11.4 Pedigree of the spring barley cultivar Laureate traced back thr...Figure B11.5 Tonnes of certified barley seed produced in the UK from 1999 to...Figure B11.6 Total purchases of malting barley by member companies of the Ma...

11 Chapter 12Figure B12.1 A scheme showing the development of a three‐way cross maize hyb...Figure B12.2 The two three‐way cross hybrids released in 2015. (a) LY1001‐14...Figure B12.3 (a) A graduate student of KNUST performing hybridization in mai...Figure 12.1 The key enzymes involved in the development the golden rice.Figure 12.2 Generalized steps in the breeding of seedless melon.

12 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Demonstration of the concept of gene‐for‐gene interaction in dis...Figure 14.2 The concept of the disease triangle.Figure B14.1 Parental lettuce species used in research. Left: Lactuca sativa Figure B14.2 Genetic composition of parental lines, F1 and set of introgress...Figure B14.3 Picture field test.Figure B14.4 Symptom of downy mildew sporulation on lettuce.

13 Chapter 15Figure B15.1 Outline of the five major steps of the pre‐breeding approach us...Figure B15.2 Scheme for the development of diverse types of introgressiomics...

14 Chapter 16Figure B16.1 Recurrent S₁ family for yield and protein using a restricted in...Figure B16.2 Recurrent mass selection for seed size in soybean using nuclear...Figure B16.3 Seed size changes with each selection for male‐sterile and male...Figure B16.4 Distribution of seed diameters initially and after four cycles ...Figure B16.5 Correlated changes in seed yield with selection for increased s...Figure 16.1 Generalized steps in breeding by mass selection: (a) for cultiva...Figure 16.2 The development of the pure line theory by Johannsen.Figure 16.3 Generalized steps in breeding by pure line selection.Figure 16.4 Generalized steps in breeding by pedigree selection.Figure 16.5 Generalized steps in breeding by bulk selection.Figure 16.6 Generalized steps in breeding a dominant trait by the backcross ...Figure 16.7 Generalized steps in breeding a recessive trait by the backcross...Figure 16.8 Generalized steps in breeding multiline cultivars.

15 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 The concept of recurrent selection.Figure 17.2 Generalized steps in breeding by ear‐to‐row selection.Figure 17.3 Generalized steps in breeding by full‐sib method.Figure 17.4 Generalized steps in breeding based on S₁/S₂ progeny performance...Figure 17.5 Generalized steps in breeding by half‐sib selection with progeny...Figure 17.6 Generalized steps in breeding by half‐sib selection with a test ...

16 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Hybrid vigor (heterosis) in corn.Figure 18.2 Breeding by CMS. (a) single cross and (b) double cross. N, norma...Figure 18.3 Using a mechanical detasseler to emasculate corn.

17 Chapter 19Figure B19.1 Picture showing commonly cultivated yam species.Figure B19.2 Breaking down of the yam breeding into a stage‐gate process tha...Figure B19.3 Generic chronogram for yam breeding showing how products are de...Figure B19.4 Picture displaying botanical seed and tuber generation process ...Figure 19.1 Steps in a method for breeding apomictic species.

18 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Electrophoretic mobility patterns reveal differences among genot...Figure 20.2 Markers may be codominant (a) or dominant (b), the former showin...Figure B20.1 Garcinia mangostana tree (a) and fruits (b).Figure B20.2 RAPD – accessions from the genus Garcinia.Figure B20.3 Dendrogram showing the grouping/genetic relationships of Garcin...Figure B20.4 Scatter plot showing three main clusters of all studied accessi...Figure B20.5 AFLP – Accessions from the genus Garcinia.Figure B20.6 Dendrogram showing the grouping/genetic relationships of Garcin...Figure B20.7 Scatter plot showing three main clusters of all studied accessi...Figure 20.3 ISSR marker gel product.Figure 20.4 A typical RAPD gel product.Figure 20.5 A typical AFLP gel product.Figure 20.6 SCoT marker gel product.Figure 20.7 SNP marker profile.

19 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Mapping populations can be created using a variety of methods.Figure 21.2 A hypothetical linkage map.Figure 21.3 Constructing a linkage map using molecular markers. Once markers...Figure 21.4 Using molecular markers to map QTL. The mapping population is pl...Figure 21.5 General steps in molecular mapping.Figure 21.6 The regression technique of mapping QTL in a population correlat...Figure 21.7 A typical output from interval mapping, showing the test statist...Figure 21.8 Interval mapping may be presented typically in on one of two way...Figure 21.9 Creation of an eight cross.

20 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Major gene sequencing platforms.Figure 22.2 Steps in the application of DNA sequencing,Figure 22.3 Genotyping by sequencing: (a) workflow and (b) the two types of ...Figure 22.4 Schematics of genotyping‐by‐sequencing methodology.Figure 22.5 Common OMICs in plant research.Figure B22.1 (a) Shows chromatographic separation of beta‐carotene extracted...Figure B22.2 (a) Growth studies of tomatoes. (b) Extraction of metabolite. (...Figure B22.3 Effects of MeJA on lycopene content in tomato fruits. (a) and (...Figure B22.4 (a) Shows chromatographic separation of lycopene obtained from ...Figure B22.5 Results show a HPTLC semi‐polar phytochemicals profile with a m...Figure B22.6 An eigenvector generated HCA data of X and Y data from the semi...Figure B22.7 Results show a HPTLC non‐polar phytochemical prophile with a mo...Figure B22.8 An eigenvector generated HCA data of X and Y data from the non‐...Figure B22.9 Shows poor separation of polar phytochemicals in Ethyl acetate:...Figure B22.10 An eigenvector generated HCA data of X and Y data from the pol...Figure B22.11 (a) Principal component analysis of NIR spectroscopy results. ...Figure B22.12 (a) Principal component analysis of the UV spectroscopy data t...

21 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 General steps in the use of QTLs for marker‐assisted selection (...Figure 23.2 Using backcrossing in marker‐assisted selection.Figure 23.3 Marker‐assisted recurrent selection.Figure 23.4 Using markers in gene pyramiding.Figure 23.5 Pedigree breeding without (a) and with (b) marker‐assisted selec...

22 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Genomic selection workflow.Figure 24.2 Workflow of genome wide association studies.Figure 24.3 Concept of haplotypes.Figure B24.1 DNA sequence alignment of 10 alleles only showing the SNP posit...Figure B24.2 Simplified case where two SNPs are not haplotype‐specific SNPs ...Figure 24.4 Both linkage (a) and association (b) take into account recombina...

23 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Mutations may occur by transition of transversion.Figure 25.2 Mutations may be caused by tautomeric shifts: (a) shift involvin...Figure 25.3 Mutations may be caused transition resulting from the substituti...Figure 25.4 The tunica corpus model of the growing point of a plant, showing...Figure 25.5 A process for TILLING. DNA collected from individuals is pooled ...

24 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 The proposed origin of common wheat Triticum aestivum.Figure 26.2 The origin of polyploidy by (a) first division restitution (FDR)...Figure 26.3 Cytology of polyploids: (a) triploidy and (b) autotetraploidy. B...Figure 26.4 The effect of ploidy on the inbreeding as demonstrated by diploi...Figure 26.5 The triangle of U showing the origins of various alloploids in b...Figure 26.6 Steps in the development of triticale.Figure 26.7 The origin of aneuploidy. Abnormal disjunction may occur at the ...Figure B26.1 Critique of various outcomes from IL x tall fescue F1 hybrids....Figure B26.2 F1 evaluations for rust susceptibility at the Barenbrug USA Res...Figure B26.3 Uniformity growout trials of offspring generated by selfing DH ...Figure B26.4 (a) Offspring generated by selfing DH recovery R4P14. Seedlings...Figure B26.5 (a) A dendogram illustrating the genetic variability or genetic...Figure B26.6 Ear developed following pollination by haploid inducer Moldovia...Figure B26.7 Grain yield and ear traits of synthetic population SA after thr...

25 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Transcription of the antisense DNA strand into mRNA and subseque...Figure 27.2 A restriction enzyme can cut the double stranded DNA, producing ...Figure 27.3 The figure shows the critical properties of a cloning vector.Figure 27.4 A comparison of the general steps involved in breeding cultivars...

26 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 The double‐stranded break in the DNA can be repaired by several ...Figure 28.2 The components and steps in the zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) techn...Figure 28.3 The components and steps in the transcription activator‐like eff...Figure 28.4 An overview of the structure and steps in the clustered regularl...Figure 28.5 An overview of the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism for gene si...Figure 28.6 RNAi technology was used to develop the Artic Apple, a non‐brown...

27 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 Paradigm shifts in plant breeding.Figure 29.2 The main differences among introgression, transgenesis, and cisg...Figure 29.3 Reverse breeding: reconstituting and original hybrid.Figure 29.4 Molecular markers are used to select complementary lines for cro...Figure 29.5 Grafting non‐GM scion on GM rootstock.Figure 29.6 A comparison of genetic variation and epigenetic variation.Figure 29.7 Molecular basis of epigenetic modification in plants.Figure 29.8 A typical barcode.Figure 29.9 A DNA barcoding workflow.

28 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 A bioinformatics workflow.Figure B30.1 Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) with different option...Figure B30.2 Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) with blastn option fo...Figure B30.3 Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) output for a sequence...Figure B30.4 ClustalW multiple nucleotide sequence alignment method of yam a...Figure B30.5 ClustalW multiple consensus nucleotide sequences of rbcL gene f...Figure B30.6 A non‐application of ClustalW multiple alignment method in nucl...Figure B30.7 A non‐application of ClustalW multiple alignment method in tran...Figure B30.8 ClustalW multiple alignment method of translated consensus sequ...Figure B30.9 Phylogenetic tree of different yam accessions as revealed by rb...Figure 30.2 Overview of a big data project.

29 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Concept of norm of reaction.Figure 31.2 Graphical illustration of the genotype × environment interaction...Figure 31.3 Graphical illustration of non‐crossover interaction and crossove...Figure 31.4 Graphical illustration of cross‐over interaction involving both ...Figure 31.5 Illustrating Finlay and Wilkerson method of plotting the genotyp...Figure 31.6 Illustrating the Eberhart and Russell's genotype stability model...

30 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 The evolution of the Syngenta AG seed company. CH, Switzerland; ...Figure 32.2 A sample seed tag.Figure B32.1 Chickpea.Figure B32.2 Pigeonpea.Figure B32.3 Groundnut.Figure B32.4 Sorghum.Figure B32.5 Pearl millet.Figure B32.6 Finger millet.

31 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 A diagrammatic presentation of how the technology protection sys...

32 Chapter 35Figure B35.1 The scheme of decentralized participatory barley breeding imple...Figure B35.2 Syria Farmers visual selection.Figure B35.3 The participatory barley breeding in Syria at its peak (7 provi...Figure B35.4 Dr. Norman Borlaug in a wheat experimental field.Figure B35.5 Photocopies of the original Nobel citation for Dr. Norman Borla...

33 Chapter 37Figure B37.1 Heterosis in maize: A × B hybrid ears in the middle and corresp...Figure B37.2 Relative grains yield of an open pollinated population and a si...Figure B37.3 General scheme for the development of maize inbreds and hybrids...

34 Chapter 38Figure B38.1 Rice panicle being prepared for emasculation prior to making a ...Figure B38.2 Plant height is measured in yield plots after flowering has occ...Figure B38.3 Rice cultivars are evaluated for their reaction to a mixture of...Figure B38.4 Milled rice flour is used to determine grain amylose content.Figure B38.5 A foundation seed field of Saber rice.Figure B38.6 DNA markers on chromosome 2 that are associated with the Pi‐b b...

35 Chapter 39Figure B39.1 Schematic of the sorghum hybrid seed production process utilizi...Figure B39.2 Pedigree breeding scheme used by the TAES sorghum breeding prog...Figure B39.3 Map of Texas indicating locations used by the TAES sorghum bree...Figure B39.4 The advanced testing and sterilization scheme used by the TAES ...

36 Chapter 40Figure B40.1 Soybean plants infected with M. phaseolina that have wilted and...Figure B40.2 Microsclerotia on the lower interior (vascular, cortical, and p...

37 Chapter 43Figure B43.1 A comparison of resource cost per unit genetic fain between cot...

38 Chapter 44Figure B44.1 Tomato cultivars for fresh consumption growing in modern glass ...Figure B44.2 Diversified fruit colors and shapes of modern tomato cultivars....

39 1Figure S1.1 Maternal inheritance of the iojap (ij) gene in maize. The wild t...Figure S1.2 Diagrammatic presentation of mitosis in a cell with diploid numb...Figure S1.3 Diagrammatic presentation of meiosis in a cell with diploid numb...Figure S1.4 Genetic linkage. (a) Linked genes AB/ab are transmitted intact f...Figure S1.5 Crossover is preceded by the formation of bivalents, the pairing...Figure S1.6 A diagrammatic presentation of (a) penetrance and (b) expressivi...Figure S1.7 The basic chemical structure of a nucleotide molecule, showing i...Figure S1.8 The DNA molecule has a double helix structure comprising a sugar...Figure S1.9 A tRNA molecule has a cloverleaf shape. Two parts of special int...Figure S1.10 The central dogma of molecular genetics, showing the informatio...Figure S1.11 (a) The structure of an amino acid consists of three units – an...Figure S1.12 The genetic code may be likened to a coding dictionary for cons...Figure S1.13 Alternative splicing of the mRNA in eukaryotes to remove intron...Figure S1.14 A diagrammatic presentation of a typical eukaryotic gene showin...Figure S1.15 Schematic representation of the regulation of gene expression s...

40 2Figure S2.1 Standard normal distribution curve.Figure S2.2 The linear regression line.Figure BS2.1 Three‐way (Fig. 1a) and four‐way (Fig. 1b) classification/visua...Figure BS2.2 A hierarchical cluster analysis of Brassica napus germplasm bas...Figure BS2.3 Loadings of a selected number of variables on the first two fac...Figure BS2.4 Trait loadings on the first and second principal components acc...Figure BS2.5 Multidimensional scaling of agronomic traits along the first tw...Figure BS2.6 Canonical correlation between two sets of agronomic traits in B...Figure BS2.7 Multiple correspondence analysis of several categorical agronom...Figure BS2.8 Percent correct classification, multivariate distances and dist...Figure BS2.9 Multiple comparisons between Brassica napus germplasm maturity–...Figure BS2.10 Partial least squares regression to predict oil% as a function...Figure BS2.11 Path analysis (as part of structural equation modeling) showin...Figure S2.3 The basic concept of path analysis.