Читать книгу Acoustic and Vibrational Enhanced Oil Recovery - George V. Chilingar - Страница 3

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Decrease in the water cut in three wells after an earthquake: 1 = Mak...Figure 1.2 Schematic diagram of electrokinetic double layer (I: Immobile layer, ...Figure 1.3 Schematic diagram of EEOR (Electrical Enhanced Oil Recovery) electrod...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Relative intensity of vibration fields E/E₀ vs. reservoir thickness H...Figure 2.2 Distribution of relative vibration intensity averaged over the rese...Figure 2.3 Vibration velocity distribution in a fracture (solid curves) and over...Figure 2.4 Vibration in a liquid volume at progressive vibrations of the fractur...Figure 2.5 Schematic advance of a mixture of a wetting and nonwetting liquids in...Figure 2.6 Velocity distribution in unconsolidated reservoir at transverse vibra...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Water flow in a cylindrical channel of some length L in the vibration...Figure 3.2 Movement of droplet of the horizontal non-uniform surface. (a) Pictur...Figure 3.3 Asymmetry types causing vibratory displacement. (a) As observed by ob...Figure 3.4 Particle motion within the vibrating medium with resistance. (a) Pict...Figure 3.5 Particle motion on an inclined flat surface in a harmonic vibration f...Figure 3.6 φ parameter vs. ω and R.Figure 3.7 Particle motion in a straight-linear cylindrical pore channel. (a) Pi...Figure 3.8 Schematic of emergence of vibratory lifting force. (a) As seen by obs...Figure 3.9 Effect of the vibrating pore channels’ configuration on the direction...Figure 3.10 Schematic directional fluid motion in vibrating pore channels. (a) A...Figure 3.11 Directional displacement of a vibrating kerosene droplet within a ca...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Effective heat conductivity for porous samples in a vibration field v...Figure 4.2 The temperature changes in the heat and vibration fields. 1. The heat...Figure 4.3 Injected hot water temperature vs. vibration power. 1, 2, and 3. Vibr...Figure 4.4 Gas hydrate decomposition in a vibration field. 1. Without vibration ...Figure 4.5 An installation scheme of measuring eigenpolarization potential of th...Figure 4.6 Permeability change in natural cores in the vibration field. 1. 11 kH...Figure 4.7 A nomogram for evaluation acceptable vibration pressure. a/b =: 1. −1...Figure 4.8 Amplitudes of maximum acceptable vibration pressures vs. the hardened...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Schematic of the lab installation for a study of the three-phase flow...Figure 5.2 The schematics of the lab installation for a study of three-phase flo...Figure 5.3 Oil displacement by water with various parameters in a vibration fiel...Figure 5.4 The displacement nature and variation of pressure gradient ΔP in the ...Figure 5.5 Oil by water (of various salinities) displacement from a clayey reser...Figure 5.6 Oil by mineralized water displacement from a clayey reservoir in a vi...Figure 5.7 Effect of water salinity on the oil recovery from a shaly reservoir i...Figure 5.8 The displacement at the flow of alkaline water in a shaly reservoir i...Figure 5.9 The displacement at the flow of mineralized water in a shaly reservoi...Figure 5.10 The oil displacement at the direct-flow capillary soaking of reservo...Figure 5.11 Direct-flow (curves 1 and 2) and counterflow (curves 3 and 4) natura...Figure 5.12 Pressure gradient change at capillary soaking with vibration. 1. No ...Figure 5.13 Capillary pression function (Leverett function) f(s) and relative ph...Figure 5.14 Gravity flow against the absolute permeability and function of absol...Figure 5.15 Relative phase permeability vs. gravity flow. 1. k_n1(s), k_w1(s); 2. ...Figure 5.16 Oil and water gravity flow in the vibration field.Figure 5.17 Scheme of movement of droplet in pore channel in the filed of vibrat...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Computed interrelations between the oil and water phase permeabilitie...Figure 6.2 Experimental values of phase permeabilities interrelation between the...Figure 6.3 Changes in the oil and water phase permeability ratio vs. water satur...Figure 6.4 Capillary pressure vs. water saturation based on results of gravity f...Figure 6.5 Water saturation change at the model oil displacement by distilled wa...Figure 6.6 Schematic acoustic pressure change at the formation pressure higher t...Figure 6.7 Schematic lab installation for a study of the effect of the intraform...Figure 6.8 Saturation pressure vs. time after the vibration stops. p₀ is the sat...Figure 6.9 Heptane-propane mix saturation pressure vs. power of the vibration so...Figure 6.10 The gas bubble number in 1 cm³ at water de-gassing in vibration fiel...Figure 6.11 Increase in the oil-gas mix volume with the acoustic pressure increa...Figure 6.12 Formation water saturation change after the vibroseismic action in t...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Elastic wave intensity corresponding to minimum threshold values of o...Figure 7.2 Laboratory setup layout to diagnose acoustic radiations of the stress...Figure 7.3 Schematic of the measuring system.Figure 7.4 Screenshots of the restored core-medium state attractors at various l...Figure 7.5 Initiation of AE signals from the oil-saturated core exposed to recta...Figure 7.6 Variation of energy releases E along the time series N after the load...Figure 7.7 Results of AE signal wavelet analysis after the load increase, type r...Figure 7.8 Specific AE energies and frequencies and mechanical stress energy acc...Figure 7.9 Results of the post-loading AE signal wavelet analysis typical for oi...Figure 7.10 AE energy initiated by weak pulse wave impact, for cores with differ...Figure 7.11 Dimensionless in situ ∆P* pressure variation at various r distances ...Figure 7.12 Distribution of dimensionless pressure ∆P* in the reservoir under in...Figure 7.13 Pressure distribution in the reservoir under combined wave and press...Figure 7.14 The bottomhole-pressure variation during the integrated wave and pre...Figure 7.15 Bottomhole-pressure variation curves for well 376 in the Dachno-Repn...Figure 7.16 Variation of the AE signal count N* functional during loading at two...Figure 7.17 Variation of the AE signal count N* functional during loading at two...Figure 7.18 Variation of the AE signal count N* functional during loading at two...Figure 7.19 Variation of the AE signal count N* functional during loading at two...Figure 7.20 Variation of the AE signal count N* functional during loading at two...Figure 7.21 Variation of the AE signal count N* functional during loading at two...Figure 7.22 Isolines of threshold values of the oscillatory acceleration and dis...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Typical schematic and outer appearance of hydrodynamic generators.Figure 8.2 STRENTER system configuration.Figure 8.3 Bench performance of the GD2V-4,5 oscillation generator.Figure 8.4 STRENTER system layout sketch to run near-wellbore zone treatment usi...Figure 8.5 Inflow profiles for Prirazlomnoye well 808 before and after the VDHV ...Figure 8.6 Injectivity profiles for the Novo-Elkhovskoye well 3468 prior and aft...Figure 8.7 Near-wellbore zone flow properties and productivities of the Tuymazin...Figure 8.8 Equipment layout scheme and configuration of the downhole oscillation...Figure 8.9 Main stages of the GRVP technology stages.Figure 8.10 Cumulative incremental oil production and number of well-operations ...Figure 8.11 Injectivity profiles for well 757 of the Igrovskoye Field before and...Figure 8.12 The exterior of the GD2V-2K generator attached to the coiled tubing.Figure 8.13 Wellhead pressure profile for the injection well 8030 Romashkinskoye...Figure 8.14 Bottomhole pressure and temperature profile for producing well 3269 ...Figure 8.15 Progress of the oil-acid fracturing process in time based on analysi...Figure 8.16 Stage diagrams of the hydraulic oil-acid fracturing progress in the ...Figure 8.17 General view of the seismic vibrator MERTZ M/20.Figure 8.18 The exterior of the seismic vibrator MERTZ M/20 base plate.Figure 8.19 Performance behavior of the Yugomashevskoye wells, lower Carbonifero...Figure 8.20 Yugomashevskoye wells performance, Area 2 (terrigenous lower Carboni...Figure 8.21 Yugomashevskoye wells performance (lower Carboniferous terrigenous f...Figure 8.22 Yugomashevskoye wells performance, Area 1 (lower Carboniferous terri...Figure 8.23 Yugomashevskoye well 2308 performance behavior, Area 1 (lower Carbon...Figure 8.24 Performance history of well 1738, Yugomashevskoye field, Area 1 (low...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Rate of oil recovery from natural core samples in the presence and ab...Figure 9.2 Degassing of CO₂-saturated water in the presence of elastic waves.Figure 9.3 Relative permeabilities to oil and to water (three-phase fluid flow)....Figure 9.4 Cumulative fluid production cm³ as a function of oil recovery (%) bef...Figure 9.5 Dependence of the oil recovery on water salinity (1) in the presence ...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Cumulative oil production as a function of cumulative water producti...Figure 10.2 Cumulative oil production as a function of cumulative water producti...Figure 10.3 Cumulative oil production as a function of cumulative water producti...Figure 10.4 Water/oil ratio as a function of cumulative water production before ...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Generic relative permeability curves, for preferentially water wet r...Figure 11.2 Enhanced oil recovery modification of oil/water (k_o/w) and water/oil...Figure 11.3 Generalized rock/soil charging and discharging current (after Hill, ...Figure 11.4 Generalized rock/soil charging/discharging potentials (after Hill, 1...Figure 11.5 Schematic representation of polarizable rock/soil as a mesoscopic di...Figure 11.6 Schematic representation of Figure 11.5. Rock/soil polarized by an e...Figure 11.7 Schematic representation of energy requirements of various electroki...Figure 11.8 Schematic representation of NaCl dissolved in water (after Hill et a...Figure 11.9 Silicate tetrahedra linkage (after Berry and Mason, 1959 [12]). (a) ...Figure 11.10 Schematic representation of the formation of the Helmholtz Double L...Figure 11.11 Montmorillonite crystal structure showing interlayer water and exch...Figure 11.12 Pore throat schematic showing double layers forming adjacent to cla...Figure 11.13 Schematic representation of the formation of a cation-selective mem...Figure 11.14 Pore throat schematic showing electrokinetic transport of the outer...Figure 11.15 Relationship between potential gradient and normalized electrokinet...Figure 11.16 DCEOR Field Operation Schematic Rendering (after: Amba et al., 1965...Figure 11.17 Three-layer earth DCEOR field mapping model (after Wittle and Hill,...Figure 11.18 DCEOR Figure 11.18 model simulation equipotential field cross-secti...Figure 11.19 DCEOR Figure 11.17 model simulation equipotential field plan view (...Figure 11.20 DCEOR simulation results: Reservoir temperatures after 100, 1,000, ...Figure 11.21 DCEOR simulation results: Comparison of AC and DC electrical power ...Figure 11.22 Santa Maria Basin (California, USA) short-term DCEOR demonstration,...Figure 11.23 Lloydminster Heavy Oil Belt (Alberta, Canada) DCEOR field demonstra...Figure 11.24 EC PAH destruction documented by GCMS changes, with time, during tr...Figure 11.25 Laboratory San Joaquin Valley (California, USA) heavy oil field res...Figure 11.26 California, USA, Heavy Crude viscosity changes during DCEOR laborat...Figure 11.27 Changes in effective permeability, due to the passage of DC current...

12 AddendumFigure A.1 Electrodes arrangement for acidizing operation.