Читать книгу Essentials of Sociology - George Ritzer - Страница 37

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In the graph, the data has been sourced from Migration Policy Institute (MPI) tabulation of data from U.S. Census Bureau, 2010–2016 American Community Surveys (ACS), and 1970, 1990, and 2000 Decennial Census.

The X axis denotes the years from 1850 to 2020, rising in increments of 20 years. There are two Y axes; the Y axis on the left denotes the number of immigrants in millions and ranges from 0 to 45, increasing in increments of 5. The Y axis on the right represents the immigrants as a percentage of the U.S. population and ranges from 0 to 14. There are two curves on the graph; while one shows the number of immigrants as a percentage of the population, the other shows their total number over time.

The first curve represents the population of immigrants as a percentage of the total U.S. population. This curve begins at a level of 3 percent in 1850. The level stays around 5 percent for the next 70 years, rising or falling a couple of percentage points during this period. Post 1920, the immigrant level begins dropping, reaching 3 percent in 1930, and falling to a low of 1 percent in 1970. After this period, the curve starts rising again, climbing to 3 percent in 2000, and reaching almost 4 percent in 2019.

The second line represents the immigrant curve based on their numbers. This curve begins at 3 million in 1850. The curve begins rising after this, attaining levels of 5 million in 1870, 10 million by 1900, and reaches 14 million by 1920. After a brief period where the curve plateaus at this level, it begins dropping for the next 50 years, to reach levels of 10 million in 1970. Post this level, the curve begins a steep upward climb, easily breaching the 15 million mark in 1980, 20 million level in 1990 and 35 million range in 2000. By 2019, the curve has attained a level of almost 42 million.

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The map of the United States shows the locations of various immigration detention facilities in 2017. The legend attached to the map is color-coded, with different colors representing the number of such facilities in a state.

 Orange: 24 – Texas

 Dark Green: 7 to 10 – California, New York

 Medium green: 5 to 6 – Florida, Ohio, New Jersey

 Grey Green: 3 to 4 – Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, Nebraska, Minnesota, Illinois, Michigan, Georgia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Massachusetts

 Light Green: 1 to 2 – Washington, Idaho, Utah, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Indiana, Missouri, New Hampshire, Virginia, Alabama, Kentucky, Louisiana, Wisconsin

 Grey: None – Oregon, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Kansas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maine, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, West Virginia, Vermont

The source of the map data has been attributed to U.S. Customs and Immigration Enforcement, Detention Facility Locator, March 2017.

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The line graph in the figure represents the per capita credit card debt in the United States during the period from 1969 to 2017.

The X axis represents the years from 1969 to 2017, rising in increments of 5 years. The Y axis denotes the dollar debt and ranges from 0 to 9000, rising in increments of 1000.

The curve begins at a level of 0 in 1969, rising very slowly to touch 500 dollars by the 1970s period. It manages to reach 1000 dollars by 1985, and post this period, suddenly grows explosively. By 1989, the level is almost at 2000 dollars, while the 3000 level is breached by 1993. 4000 is crossed in 1996, 5000 in 1997 and 6000 in the following year. A high of almost 9000 is achieved by 2009, after which the curve moderates and begins dropping. At the end of the graph, in 2017, the curve has reached a level of 6000.

The source of the data is the U.S. Federal Reserve and U.S. Census Bureau and Dickler.

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The bar graph lists the percentages of population that have internet access in various geographic regions in the year 2018. The X axis denotes the percentage of the population.

Details follow below:

 North America: 95 percent

 Europe: 85.2 percent

 Australia/Oceania: 68.9 percent

 Latin America/Caribbean: 67.2 percent

 Middle East: 64.5 percent

 World, Avg: 55.1 percent

 Asia: 49 percent

 Africa: 36.1 percent

The source of the data is credited to Internet World Stats, Miniwatts Marketing Group.

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The bar graph lists different professions and the percentage of women employed in them. The professions are categorized as well. The Y axis lists the percentages and ranges from 0 to 100. The X axis denotes the professions.

Details are below:

 MedicineRegistered Nurse: 87.9Physicians and Surgeons: 34.1

 DentistryDental Assistants: 92.2Dentists: 29.3

 EducationElementary and Middle School Teachers: 77.9Postsecondary Teachers: 46.6

 LawParalegals and Legal Assistants: 86.4Lawyers: 36.2

The data has been sourced from the U.S. Census Bureau, 2016.

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The map is of the United States and denotes the estimated percentage of adults who think climate change is happening. Their location by county within a state is shown on the heat map. The legend denotes the following;

 85.0% to 89.9%: none

 80.0% to 84.9%: Selected counties in California, New York, Washington, Hawaii, North Carolina, Oregon

 75.0% to 79.9%: Selected counties in California, Washington, Oregon, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, South Dakota, Texas, Florida,

 70.0% to 74.9%: Selected counties in California, Colorado, Texas, New England states, New York, Montana, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Alaska

 65.0% to 69.9%: Many counties in California, New York, Washington, Oregon, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, New England states, Michigan, Florida, Mississippi

 60.0% to 64.9%: Most counties across the nation

 55.0% to 59.9%: Many counties across Texas, Alabama, Tennessee, Midwest states of Kansas, Oklahoma and Nebraska, Kentucky, West Virginia, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho and North Dakota

 50.0% to 54.9%: a few counties in Texas, Utah, Wyoming, Kansas

 45.0% to 49.9%: Utah counties

A key below the map shows the responses to the question ‘Global warming is happening’. While 70.1 percent answer yes, 12.4 percent say no.

The data of the map has been taken from Howe, Peter D., Matto Mildenberger, Jennifer R. Marlon, and Anthony Leiserowitz (2015). “Geographic Variation in Opinions on Climate Change at State and Local Scales in the USA.” Nature Climate Change.