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Chapter 7

Forming Complete Sentences

 Lee: You awake?

 Alix: Sleeping!

In this conversation, neither Lee nor Alix speaks in complete sentences. Lee's question is missing a verb, and Alix's response lacks a subject and a portion of the verb. (The follow-the-rules version of this exchange would be Are you awake? I am sleeping.) Alix and Lee don't have to worry about grammar because they're speaking informally. However, in a formal speaking or writing situation they—and you—should take care to employ complete sentences.

In this chapter you practice identifying and creating complete and grammatically correct statements and questions. You also work on identifying and revising fragments (partial or incomplete sentences) and run-ons (two or more ideas improperly thrown together).

The Questions You’ll Work On

In this chapter, you work on questions that involve these skills:

 Recognizing whether a sentence is complete or incomplete

 Joining two or more ideas correctly

 Editing fragments and run-ons to create complete sentences

What to Watch Out For

Keep these points in mind when you’re answering the questions in this chapter:

 When you write in formal English, every sentence must express a complete thought and conclude with an endmark — periods for statements, question marks for questions, and exclamation points for exclamations.

 Be sure the sentence has a matching subject-verb pair.

 Don’t assume that short sentences are incomplete and long sentences are complete. Meaning, not length, is your guide.

 Semicolons (;) and conjunctions such as and, but, or, nor, for, since, because, where, when, and others link one clause (a grammatical unit containing a subject-verb pair) to another.

 Relative pronouns — who, whoever, whom, whomever, that, and which — relate one idea to another, usually by replacing a noun. For example, in this sentence the relative pronoun that replaces book: The book that I bought is very interesting.

 Adverbs such as however, consequently, therefore, then, also, nevertheless, and others may not link one complete sentence to another. Use these words to add meaning, but be sure that you use a semicolon or conjunction between the sentences.

Recognizing Complete Sentences

321–331 Identify the sentence(s) that are complete in Standard English.

321.

1 Have eaten?

2 Have you eaten

3 Have you eaten?

322.

1 Jose, along with Helena and her best friends from school.

2 Jose, along with Helena and her best friends from school

3 Jose, along with Helena and her best friends from school!

323.

1 At the army museum, many exhibits caught our attention.

2 At the army museum, many exhibits caught our attention

3 At the army museum, many exhibits catching our attention.

324.

1 Balloons of all colors of the rainbow above us in the sky!

2 Balloons of all colors of the rainbow floated above us in the sky!

3 Balloons of all colors of the rainbow floated above us in the sky

325.

1 Around the corner on tiptoes came the burglar.

2 The burglar came around the corner on tiptoes.

3 On tiptoes, around the corner the burglar came.

326.

1 I dance.

2 I dance on stage.

3 On Sundays, I dance.

327.

1 Standing in the aisle, Charlotte scanned the audience, searching for an empty seat.

2 Standing in the aisle, Charlotte scanned the audience and searched for an empty seat

3 Standing in the aisle, Charlotte, scanning the audience, searching for an empty seat.

328.

1 The little dog, chewing his food quickly and then running off to play.

2 The little dog chewed his food quickly and then ran off to play.

3 The little dog chewed his food quickly and then ran off to play

329.

1 Who is solving the puzzle.

2 Who is solving the puzzle?

3 Who is solving the puzzle!

330.

1 Alan, having changed his clothes, was ready for the dance.

2 Having changed his clothes, Alan, ready for the dance.

3 Having changed his clothes, Alan was ready for the dance.

331.

1 Nice to meet you.

2 Nice meeting you!

3 It was nice to meet you.

Combining Ideas Correctly

332–346 Identify the sentence(s) in which ideas are joined correctly.

332.

1 The table fell over, but it didn’t break.

2 The table fell over, it didn’t break.

3 The table fell over but didn’t break.

333.

1 Miami has a warm climate, Greenland is much colder.

2 Miami has a warm climate, and Greenland is much colder.

3 Miami has a warm climate, but Greenland is much colder.

334.

1 Although she had reviewed the material thoroughly, Lisa was still nervous before her test.

2 Lisa was still nervous before her test, although she had reviewed the material thoroughly.

3 She had reviewed the material thoroughly, Lisa was still nervous before her test.

335.

1 Tomorrow Laura will hike two miles, or she will work out for an hour at the gym.

2 Tomorrow Laura will hike two miles, and she will work out for an hour at the gym.

3 Tomorrow Laura will hike two miles, she will work out for an hour at the gym.

336.

1 The twins cried for hours, no one could quiet them.

2 The twins cried for hours, and no one could quiet them.

3 The twins cried for hours, because no one could quiet them.

337.

1 Before she met the ambassadors, the president examined their credentials carefully.

2 The president examined their credentials carefully before she met the ambassadors.

3 The president first examined their credentials carefully, and then she met the ambassadors.

338.

1 The can is full, so please empty it.

2 The can is full, you should empty it.

3 The can is full, please empty it.

339.

1 Although they had arrived late, the manager refused to shorten the team practice.

2 The manager refused to shorten the team practice, although they had arrived late.

3 They had arrived late, but the manager refused to shorten the team practice.

340.

1 Even though George has never studied French, he understands a few simple words.

2 George has never studied French, however, he understands a few simple words.

3 George has never studied French, he understands a few simple words anyway.

341.

1 Stamp collecting is a fascinating hobby, it can be expensive.

2 Stamp collecting is a fascinating hobby, although it can be expensive.

3 Stamp collecting is a fascinating hobby, additionally it can be expensive.

342.

1 Jim dropped the fragile vase, consequently, it shattered into a thousand pieces.

2 Jim dropped the fragile vase; consequently, it shattered into a thousand pieces.

3 Jim dropped the fragile vase, and consequently it shattered into a thousand pieces.

343.

1 Penny turned off her phone, for she didn’t want to be interrupted.

2 Penny turned off her phone, she didn’t want to be interrupted.

3 Penny turned off her phone because she didn’t want to be interrupted.

344.

1 I went to Vermont, where I met many skiers.

2 I went to Vermont, there I met many skiers.

3 I went to Vermont, I met many skiers there.

345.

1 Jack’s suit is old, nevertheless, he still looks good in it.

2 Jack’s suit is old, however, he still looks good in it.

3 Jack’s suit is old; he still looks good in it though.

346.

1 The mechanic checked the steering wheel, which was fine, but he said that the brakes were defective.

2 The mechanic checked the steering wheel, which was fine, and then he said that the brakes were defective.

3 The mechanic checked the steering wheel, which was fine, although he said that the brakes were defective.

Correcting Run-Ons and Fragments

347–361 What changes, if any, should be made to the underlined words in order to create a complete sentence?

347. Teresa holding the tray as I placed the glasses on it.

348. Generous donors drop coins in the box their contributions fund scholarships.

349.Who likes ice cream

350.Place the carton in the corner of the lobby, Margaret.

351.The dictionary resting on a shelf in the corner.

352. I find knitting relaxing, my aunt prefers embroidery.

353. Those mountain peaks covered with snow even in the summer.

354. Mattie, having read the paper, went for a walk.

355. Park the truck in the lot, be sure to lock it.

356.A pen and pencil on the desk in the corner of the living room.

357. Which performs better in the annual talent show

358.Accepting an internship, Bert, always planning his next career move, which will lead him to success.

359. When the handle turns, the fire hose sprays water with great force in the direction indicated on the dial.

360. Picasso’s statue has a gently curved side, which highlighting the grain of the marble.

361. While swimming, Harriet tangled her foot in a fishing line.