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Chapter 8

Moving Beyond the Basics: Adding Descriptions

 Parent: The new mall just opened. What do you want for your birthday?

 Offspring: I want a shirt.

 Parent: Okay, I'm leaving.

Knowing exactly what to buy, the parent heads off to the mall, right? Obviously not, because even though I want a shirt is a complete sentence, it doesn't provide much information. The offspring has to add some descriptions: silk, corduroy, green, long-sleeved, ridiculously expensive (that last description most likely coming from the parent). Nor is it clear what the parent is doing: leaving now or leaving forever, the second being a possible pair with ridiculously expensive. In this chapter, you concentrate on short descriptions — one-word or slightly longer expressions that attach to nouns, pronouns, verbs, and other adjectives and adverbs — that add much to your sentences.

The Questions You’ll Work On

In this chapter, you work on questions in these areas:

 Identifying adjectives and adverbs

 Selecting the appropriate adjective or adverb for a particular situation

 Knowing when to use a or an

 Inserting hyphens in compound descriptions

What to Watch Out For

Keep these points in mind when you’re answering the questions in this chapter:

 Adjectives describe nouns and pronouns, telling you how many, which one, how much, or what kind of thing or person you’re talking about.

 Adverbs describe verbs, telling you how, when, where, why, or under what conditions an action or state of being occurs.

 Adverbs also describe adjectives and other adverbs, expressing the intensity or degree of the quality the adverb describes.

 The article an precedes a word beginning with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, or u). A precedes a word beginning with a consonant sound (any letter except the vowels listed in the preceding sentence). Only sound, not spelling, matters.

 If two or more words function as one description, you generally hyphenate them, as in second-place finish, green-and-yellow hat, hard-working waiter, and so forth.

Distinguishing Between Adjectives and Adverbs

362–373 Identify the underlined words (in order) as adjectives (ADJ), adverbs (ADV), or neither (N).

362. The green scarf slipped off her bare head.

363. Put these shiny cups below because I may use them later.

364.Good journalists still cover important stories, not sensational gossip.

365.Fivetiny mice curled up and squeaked softly when they sensed danger.

366. The escaped prisoners, tired and hungry, eventually surrendered.

367. Your school shoes are tootight, so we must buy a larger size.

368. When Luke sounded hoarse, his trustedvoice coach gave him honey and lemon.

369.Identical twins are playingone role in that Broadway play.

370. A vacant building, unguarded, may attract squatters who live thereillegally.

371. Be smart. Drive defensively, and you’ll arrive safely and enjoy a lovely vacation.

372. The production crew is responsible for setting the props on stage before the curtain first rises.

373. Chef John is justlyfamous for his use of extremelyfresh ingredients and fast preparation of complicated dishes.

Placing Adjectives and Adverbs in Sentences

374–393 Insert an adjective or an adverb in each blank, choosing from the words in the parentheses.

374. The reporters were _____ (pleased, pleasingly) to see their _____ (local, locally) story attract _____ (national, nationally) attention.

375. Are _____ (common, commonly) electronic devices _____ (bad, badly) for _____ (social, socially) connections?

376. Wading into _____ (deep, deeply) waters, Ron felt _____ (cool, coolly) _____ (immediate, immediately).

377. Ben strummed his _____ (new, newly) guitar _____ (energetic, energetically) but not _____ (good, well).

378. The _____ (large, largely) delivery van runs _____ (smooth, smoothly), so its contents remain in _____ (good, well) condition.

379. Our show’s _____ (loyal, loyally) audience protests _____ (loud, loudly) whenever the network _____ (serious, seriously) threatens to cancel it.

380. Jackson’s gift was _____ (extreme, extremely) _____ (generous, generously), even though he considered the donation _____ (minimal, minimally).

381. Dave feels _____ (happy, happily) because the voters _____ (sure, surely) agree with his position on the _____ (controversial, controversially) issue.

382. “Play _____ (nice, nicely),” exclaimed the _____ (over, overly) strict babysitter, but the children continued their _____ (rough, roughly) games.

383. It’s _____ (real, really) _____ (unusual, unusually) for an amateur to discover such a _____ (rare, rarely) fossil.

384. Mina worked _____ (hard, hardly), but the _____ (low, lowly) grade she _____ (sad, sadly) read on her paper did not reflect her efforts.

385. Children who behave _____ (bad, badly) should be scolded _____ (prompt, promptly) and then given a chance to improve with the _____ (gentle, gently) guidance of their caretakers.

386. _____ (Ripe, Ripely) plums taste _____ (sweet, sweetly), but fruit picked too soon may be _____ (bitter, bitterly).

387. Walk _____ (rapid, rapidly) down the hall and turn _____ (sharp, sharply) when you reach the _____ (first, firstly) door on the left.

388. I feel _____ (bad, badly) that I spoke _____ (insulting, insultingly) to my most _____ (important, importantly) client.

389. Eileen appeared _____ (merry, merrily) at the party, but afterward, she sounded _____ (sad, sadly) and _____ (nervous, nervously).

390. Anything _____ (wicked, wickedly) makes us feel _____ (uncomfortable, uncomfortably), at least for a _____ (short, shortly) time.

391. It’s _____ (certain, certainly) true that young children often wait less _____ (patient, patiently) for their turns to play _____ (fun, funnily) games.

392. The _____ (wide, widely) seen broadcast was _____ (sure, surely) helpful to the show’s _____ (dismal, dismally) ratings.

393. The senator _____ (sudden, suddenly) interrupted to declare _____ (firm, firmly) that she was _____ (political, politically) neutral.

Dealing with Articles

394–402 Choose a or an to precede each expression.

394. apple, orange, banana

395. card, printer, outdoor trip

396. bicycle, old-fashioned radio, modern style

397. everyday dish, light, history

398. amusing story, unusual incident, original song

399. initial impression, very happy child, additional payment

400. historic occasion, important dictionary, telephone

401. herb garden, fir tree, balcony

402. orphan, adventure, email

Hyphenating Descriptions

403–411 Identify the description(s) that correctly include or omit hyphens.

403.

1 self-cleaning oven

2 best-dressed list

3 package of blue-pens

404.

1 recently passed law

2 brown-eyed boy

3 poorly-expressed idea

405.

1 third base coach

2 very-shallow water

3 sixth-grade math

406.

1 nine-year-old kid

2 constantly-changing world

3 nearly-enough candy

407.

1 tension-relieving exercise

2 a job well done

3 newly formed committee

408.

1 three-blind mice

2 very-happy puppy

3 less-valid argument

409.

1 elementary school desk

2 Yankees baseball team

3 book review section

410.

1 more interesting story

2 red haired doll

3 extremely difficult problem

411.

1 annual-dental exam

2 language-proficiency test

3 mostly-boring material