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Bronchoscopy is a procedure utilized to visualize the airways. There are three types:

 Flexible bronchoscopy (or white light bronchoscopy) uses a small (5–6 mm diameter) flexible instrument that can access the distal airways. This requires conscious sedation.

 Rigid bronchoscopy is usually done in the OR, using a rigid instrument larger than the flexible scope. It requires general anesthesia and can only access the proximal airways.

 Virtual bronchoscopy uses images to reconstruct a 3D picture of the airways. This is a non‐invasive procedure.

In this chapter we will be discussing flexible bronchoscopy which is used by the intensivist in the ICU on critically ill patients.