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 Assess for pneumothorax:

Absence of lung sliding plus absence of B‐lines (Video 4.2).

 Barcode or stratosphere sign: parallel horizontal lines indicating absence of lung sliding in M‐mode (Figure 4.6).

 Lung point sign: transition point – between border of pneumothorax and normal pleural interface – where intermittent lung sliding is visualized. It is pathognomonic and helpful in estimating size of pneumothorax.Table 4.4 Features of cardiogenic pulmonary edema and non‐cardiogenic lung injury.Cardiogenic pulmonary edemaNon‐cardiogenic lung injuryHomogenous B‐line distributionSmooth pleural lineAbsence of A‐line patternNon‐homogenous B‐line distributionIrregular pleural surface

  Assess for pleural effusion:Effusion appears as anechoic area usually in dependent areas; important to examine posterior chest wall in supine patient.Lung flapping or jellyfish sign: collapsed lung floating in pleural effusion (Figure 4.7).

 Assess for pulmonary edema and consolidation (Table 4.4):Diffuse B‐lines (more than three in single field) is abnormal (Figure 4.8).Consolidated lung appears isoechoic with liver, referred to as ‘hepatization’ (Figure 4.9).Sonographic air bronchograms appear as punctuate hyperechoic foci.