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 Estimate intravascular volume and monitor response to fluid challenges by evaluating IVC diameter and collapsibility (Table 4.3).

 Correlation between central venous pressure (CVP) and IVC diameter and percentage change with respiratory variation.

 If IVC diameter is <1 cm → higher probability of fluid responsiveness.

 If IVC diameter is >2.5 cm → lower probability of fluid responsiveness.

 IVC diameter between 1 and 2.5 cm → indeterminate probability.

Table 4.3 Intravascular volume estimation.

Intravascular volume status*	IVC caliber	IVC collapsibility	CVP
Volume depleted	Small (<1 cm)	>50%	<10 cmH2O
Volume overloaded	Large (>2.5 cm)	<50%	>10 cmH2O

^* IVC distention with minimal respiratory variation may occur in clinical scenarios other than volume overload (e.g. cardiac tamponade).