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 Start with subxiphoid view of heart, then rotate probe 90° so probe indicator points cephalad.

 Slide probe slightly right of midline until IVC is visualized in longitudinal plane.

 Identify where IVC transitions into right atrium to confirm visualization of IVC versus abdominal aorta (Figure 4.4).

 Measure IVC diameter 2 cm caudal to junction of IVC and right atrium.

 Use M‐mode on IVC to graphically visualize respiratory variation in IVC caliber.