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 Shadowing: partial or total reflection of US waves (gallstones, ribs).

 Posterior enhancement: area behind anechoic fluid‐filled structures appears brighter (bladder).

 Edge artifact: shadow formed by refraction of US wave at edge of rounded structure.

 Mirror artifact: image of structure duplicated as US wave reflects off highly reflective surface (diaphragm).

 Reverberation artifact: US wave bounces between two highly reflective surfaces (pleura).

 Ring‐down artifact: appearance of needle tip as a hyperechoic structure casting a narrow shadow.