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 There are four standard views (Figure 4.2).

 Parasternal long axis. Position probe just left of sternum at the third or fourth intercostal space. When using conventional cardiology orientation (marker on right side of screen), point probe indicator towards patient’s right shoulder. If you prefer keeping the screen marker fixed on the left side while obtaining views consistent with conventional cardiology imaging, simply point probe in opposite direction towards patient’s left hip. Otherwise, images will be reversed.

 Parasternal short axis. Rotate probe 90° from long axis view to obtain circular short axis view of left ventricle. For conventional cardiology orientation, this means pointing probe towards the patient’s left shoulder. For general radiology orientation, point probe towards patient’s right hip. Angling probe through short axis views allows visualization of different segments of the left ventricle, including apex, papillary muscles (mid‐section), mitral valve (base of heart), and aortic valve (‘Mercedes Benz’ sign).

 Apical four chamber. Using same orientation as short axis view, slide probe leftward – lateral to nipple line (men) or inframammary crease (women) – to point of maximal impulse. Position probe so ventricular septum is in center of US screen. The left heart will be on right side of screen and vice versa.

 Subxiphoid. Position probe just below subxiphoid and angle cephalad toward the patient’s left shoulder using the liver as an acoustic window. If using conventional cardiology orientation, point probe towards patient’s left side. Otherwise, point probe towards patient’s right side. Transition to evaluating the inferior vena cava (IVC) from this view.