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 CVP is measured via a central line at the level of the right atrium or vena cava. It is equal to the right ventricular end‐diastolic pressure.

 CVP can be used to determine preload, the filling pressure of the heart. It has been used to estimate whether a patient is adequately resuscitated as well as helping to assess right ventricular function.Table 11.1 Waveform components.Waveform/descentPhase of cardiac cycleECGMechanical eventA waveEnd diastoleFollows P wavePressure increase due to atrial contractionC waveEarly systoleFollows R wavePressure increase due to tricuspid bulging into the right atriumV waveLate systoleEnd of T wavePressure increase due to systolic filling of the atriumX descentMid systoleDrop in atrial pressure due to atrial relaxationY descentEarly diastoleDrop in atrial pressure due to early ventricular filling

 A central line allows for infusion of hypertonic solutions and medications that can damage peripheral veins. It also allows for serial venous blood analysis and venous blood gas (VBG).

 Of particular importance, lactate and central venous saturation measurements from VBGs have been used to direct resuscitation efforts.

 Normal CVP is 2–8 mmHg.