Читать книгу Protocols for High-Risk Pregnancies - Группа авторов - Страница 21

Although cigarette smoking rates have continued to decline since the turn of the century, approximately 8% of women will smoke cigarettes sometime during their pregnancy in the US.

Tobacco exposure in pregnancy is associated with an increased rate of adverse outcomes such as fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, placenta previa, abruptio placentae, congenital anomalies such as cleft lip/palate, and perinatal mortality. It is estimated that up to 8% of preterm births, 19% of term deliveries of low‐birthweight infants, and 7% of preterm‐related infant deaths can be attributed to smoking during the pregnancy. The effects are not limited to cigarette smoking, as researchers have identified infants born to mothers who use smokeless tobacco, have similar levels of nicotine exposure, low birthweight, and preterm birth as the infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. Lastly, there has been a recent emergence of the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems or e‐cigarettes (also known as vaping), shifting many cigarette smokers to the use of e‐cigarettes. This electronic delivery system aerosolizes nicotine, releasing a vapor similar to traditional cigarette smoke, and 7% of women “vape” around the time of pregnancy, with 1.4% using during the pregnancy. Though the aerosol may contain fewer chemicals than cigarette smoke, it does contain other substances such as lead, benzene, and diacetyl.