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Figure 1.4 gives a systemic vision of an enterprise that has invested in an industrial facility. The term “CAPEX” (Capital Expenditure) is now used for capital investment. The expenses relating to the operation costs of this tool are abbreviated “OPEX” for Operating Expenditure.

Figure 1.4. Systemic vision of the enterprise

Figure 1.5 complements Figure 1.4.

The enterprise is seen as its material, information, and financial flows. We have added the flow of people, in order to demonstrate the importance of employee turnover, beyond the normal erosion caused by retirements. A high turnover is often synonymous with social problems, dissatisfaction; it is a source of instability. Managing a business means, among other things, mastering all of these flows.

Figure 1.5. The enterprise and its flows