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This subsection analyzes the performance of the estimators described in this chapter: WLS, LAV, QC, QL, LMS, LTS, and LMR.

To compare the accuracy provided by each estimator with regard to the true values for each scenario ω, the metrics and are considered:

(2.47)

(2.48)

where and are the estimated voltage magnitude and angle for the ith bus in scenario ω, and correspond to the solution of the converged power flow in scenario ω, and N is the number of buses in the whole system. Note that () is the average absolute error of the voltage magnitude (voltage angle) estimates as compared with the true values for scenario ω. In (2.48), note that the reference angle bus is located at bus 1.