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As one might expect, especially given the breakneck speed at which DNA sequence data are currently being produced, there is a significant amount of redundancy within the major sequence databases, with a good number of sequences being represented more than once. This is often problematic for the end user, who may find themselves confused as to which sequence to use after performing a search that returns numerous results. To address this issue, NCBI developed RefSeq, the goal of which is to provide a single reference sequence for each molecule of the central dogma – DNA, RNA, and protein. The distinguishing features of RefSeq go beyond its non-redundant nature, with individual entries including the biological attributes of the gene, gene transcript, or protein. RefSeq entries encompass a wide taxonomic range, and entries are updated and curated on an ongoing basis to reflect current knowledge about the individual entries. Additional information on RefSeq can be found in Box 1.2.

Figure 1.1 The landing page for ENA record U54469.1, providing a graphical view of biological features found within the sequence of the Drosophila melanogaster eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) gene. The tracks within the graphical view show the position of the gene, mRNAs, and coding regions (marked CDS) within the 2881 bp sequence reported in this record.