Читать книгу A Guide to the Scientific Career - Группа авторов - Страница 2

1  Cover

2  List of Contributors

3  Preface

4  Section I: Successful Career 1 Defining and Re‐Defining Success 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Success Mindsets 1.3 Prerequisites Are Internal Factors Required to Become Successful 1.4 Methods Are Conscious Actions One Should Take to Pave the Road to Success 1.5 Enhancers or Catalysts Are External Factors that Enhance One's Chance of Success 1.6 Inhibitors Are Internal or External Factors that Diminish One's Chance of Success Reference 2 Qualities of Research Scientists: Personality and Leadership Attributes of Research Team Members 2.1 Leadership 2.2 Personality and Interpersonal Relationships 2.3 Continuous Self‐Assessment 2.4 Tips for Developing a Leader‐Quality Scientist References 3 Building a Personal Vision Statement 3.1 Personal Vision Statement and Portfolio Overview 3.2 Getting Started 3.3 Vision Statement in Action 3.4 Rules to Guide Vision Statement Development 3.5 Conclusions References Further Reading 4 Creativity and Novel Hypotheses 4.1 Creativity and Science 4.2 What Are Mind Maps? 4.3 Mind Maps and Novel Hypotheses References 5 Confidence and Its Impact on Your Aspiring Career 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Sources of Confidence 5.3 Influence of Confidence on Your Career 5.4 Confidence Spectrum 5.5 Dunning‐Kruger Effect 5.6 Importance of Feedback 5.7 Overcoming Confidence Issues References 6 Career Satisfaction and Its Determinants 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Determinants of Career Satisfaction 6.3 Career Satisfaction in Medicine 6.4 Research and the Physician‐Scientist 6.5 Career Satisfaction and Productivity 6.6 Conclusions References 7 Spiritual Dimensions of Biomedical Research 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Virtues in Research 7.3 A Christian‐Platonic Background of Virtues 7.4 Skills Versus Wisdom 7.5 A Crystallizing Example Acknowledgment References 8 Publishing in Academic Medicine: Does It Translate into a Successful Career? 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Dissemination of Knowledge and Impacting Patient Care 8.3 Becoming a Recognized Expert 8.4 Academic Promotion 8.5 Professional Standing 8.6 Personal Satisfaction 8.7 Editorial Benefits 8.8 Professional Contacts 8.9 Summary: Does Publishing Scholarly Articles Translate into a Successful Scientific Career? Reference 9 Assessing a Researcher's Scientific Productivity and Scholarly Impact 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The h‐Index 9.3 Criticisms of the h‐Index 9.4 Modifications and Extensions of the h‐Index 9.5 A General Criticism on the Use of Metrics 9.6 Citation Data Sources 9.7 Discussion References Further Reading

5  Section II: Communication 10 Manners in Academics 10.1 General Aspects 10.2 Manners in Academic Writing and Publishing 10.3 Conclusions 11 Emotional Intelligence: Its Place in Your Professional and Academic Careers 11.1 Background 11.2 The Importance of EQ in Academia and on the Job 11.3 Major Aspects of Emotional Intelligence 11.4 Developing EQ References 12 Communication Skills 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Effective Communication 12.3 Communication in the Scientific and Medical Community References 13 Learning Charisma 13.1 Introduction 13.2 What Is Charisma? 13.3 Learning How to Be Charismatic 13.4 Improving Your Charisma 13.5 Conclusions References 14 Essence of Collaborative Research: Leadership, Engaging Others, and Cooperativeness 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Why Collaborate? 14.3 Challenges to Collaborative Research 14.4 Ethical Considerations 14.5 How to Make Collaborations Work 14.6 Conclusions References 15 Personal Branding for Physicians and Researchers 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Personal Branding and Authenticity 15.3 Your Brand Plan: Defining Your Positioning 15.4 Creating Your Brand Elements 15.5 Strategizing Your Tactics 15.6 Executing Your Brand Plan 15.7 Conclusion Further Reading 16 Dealing with Manipulative People 16.1 Tips for Avoiding the Traps of a Manipulator 16.2 Neurosis versus Pathology: A Continuum 16.3 Aggressive Personalities 16.4 Tactics Used by the Covert‐Aggressor 16.5 Tips for Setting the Terms of Engagement Reference

6  Section III: Research Ethics 17 Honesty and Truth in Academic Research and Writing 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Truth 17.3 Honesty 17.4 Dishonesty 17.5 Spectrum of Fraud 17.6 Learning from the Past 17.7 The Pattern of Fraud 17.8 Conflicts of Interest 17.9 Lessons for the Future Acknowledgment References 18 Writing and Scientific Misconduct: Ethical and Legal Aspects 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Ethical Aspects 18.3 Legal Aspects References 19 Plagiarism and How to Avoid It 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Definition of the Plagiarism Problem 19.3 Academic Integrity and Plagiarism 19.4 Intellectual Dishonesty and Plagiarism in Science 19.5 Detection of Plagiarism: Electronic Tools 19.6 Prevention of Plagiarism: A Better Remedy 19.7 Penalties for Plagiarism 19.8 Conclusions References Further Reading 20 Conflicts of Interest: A Simple Explanation 20.1 Introduction 20.2 What Is a Conflict of Interest? 20.3 Why Does Avoidance or Full Disclosure of Conflicts‐of‐Interest Matter? Reference 21 Gender Differences in Medical Research Productivity 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Gender Differences in Scholarly Productivity 21.3 Gender Differences in Research Funding 21.4 Issues Potentially Facilitating Gender Differences in Research 21.5 Conclusion References Further Reading

7  Section IV: Research Regulations 22 Institutional Review Boards: General Regulations, Institutional Obligations, and Personal Responsibility 22.1 IRB Background 22.2 Regulatory Framework 22.3 IRB Process 22.4 Investigator Responsibilities in Conducting Human Subjects Research 22.5 IRB Application 22.6 Related Research Committees 22.7 Publishing and the IRB 22.8 Selected Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 23 International Research with Human Subjects 23.1 General Overview 23.2 Regulatory and Legal Frameworks and IRB Oversight 23.3 Ethical Framework Further Reading

8  Section V: Research Grants and Proposals 24 Grants and Funding Sources 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Grant Life Cycle 24.3 Types of Funding Organizations 24.4 Types of Agreements 24.5 Types of Grant Applications 24.6 Federal Grant Mechanisms 24.7 Career Timeline and NIH Mechanisms 24.8 Funding Cycle 24.9 Searchable Databases 24.10 Time Commitment and Infrastructure and Support 24.11 Post Award Further Reading 25 Essentials of Grant Writing and Proposal Development 25.1 The Research Plan 25.2 Budget and Budget Justification 25.3 Grant Documents and Grant Formatting 25.4 Conclusions Further Reading

9  Section VI: Research Principles and Methods 26 Clinical Research Methods and Designs 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Structure of Clinical Studies 26.3 Sample Size, Study Subjects, and Variables 26.4 Functional Aspects of Clinical Studies 26.5 Epilogue References 27 Retrospective Analysis from a Chart Review: A Step‐by‐Step Guide 27.1 Stepwise Approach to Retrospective Studies References 28 Designing, Planning, and Conducting Clinical Trials 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Design of Controlled Clinical Trials 28.3 Project Management and Planning for Clinical Trial 28.4 Conduct of Clinical Trials 28.5 Conclusions References 29 Animal Models in Science and Research 29.1 Overview of Using Animals in Science 29.2 Evolved Complex Systems 29.3 Trans‐Species Modeling Theory 29.4 Conclusion References Further Reading 30 How to Identify a Timely and Relevant Topic for a Literature Review 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Identifying a Relevant and Timely Topic 30.3 Narrowing the Topic 30.4 Literature Reviews and Clinical Practice 30.5 Conclusion References 31 The Structure and Conduct of a Narrative Literature Review 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Review Team 31.3 Topic and Audience 31.4 Literature Search 31.5 Taking Notes 31.6 Type of Review 31.7 Balance 31.8 Criticism, Consistency, Objectivity 31.9 Structure 31.10 Feedback and Revision 31.11 Dissemination Acknowledgments References 32 A Guideline for Conducting Systematic Reviews 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Why Systematic Reviews? 32.3 A Guideline for Conducting Systematic Reviews 32.4 Weaknesses of SRs 32.5 Summary and Conclusions References 33 Clinical Management Guidelines 33.1 Introduction 33.2 How Is a Clinical Guideline Created? 33.3 Benefits and Limitations of Clinical Management Guidelines 33.4 Medicolegal Implications of Clinical Guidelines 33.5 Conclusions References 34 Why Is the History of Medicine and Biology Important? 34.1 The Value of Knowing Our History 34.2 An Illustration: Rudolf Virchow 34.3 Conclusions References 35 Historical Articles: A Methodology Guide 35.1 General Guidelines 35.2 Types of Historical Articles References

10  Section VII: Publication and Resources 36 An Introduction to Academic Publishing 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Manuscript Submission 36.3 Peer‐Review Process 36.4 After the Manuscript is Accepted for Publication 36.5 Final Publication 37 Various Types of Scientific Articles 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Primary or Original‐Research Articles 37.3 Secondary or Review Articles 37.4 Special Articles 37.5 Tertiary Literature 37.6 Gray Literature 37.7 Conclusions References 38 Authorship 38.1 Era of Collaborative Research 38.2 Giving Credit to Collaborators 38.3 Assigning Authorship 38.4 Corresponding Author 38.5 Ethical Responsibility 38.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments Further Reading 39 Recognition, Reward, and Responsibility: Why the Authorship of Scientific Papers Matters 39.1 Why Does the Authorship of Scientific Papers Matter? 39.2 What Is Authorship? 39.3 What Guidelines on Authorship Are Available? 39.4 Solutions to Authorship Problems 39.5 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 40 Biomedical Journals: Scientific Quality, Reputation, and Impact Factor 40.1 Introduction 40.2 The Journal Impact Factor 40.3 Alternatives to the Journal Impact Factor 40.4 Caveats to Interpreting the Journal Impact Factor 40.5 Conclusions References 41 Scholarly Open‐Access Publishing 41.1 Introduction 41.2 Monitoring Scholarly Open‐Access Publishing 41.3 Predatory Publishers 41.4 Discovering Open‐Access Publications 41.5 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Publishing in Open‐Access Journals 41.6 The Future of Open‐Access Publishing 41.7 Why Open‐Access Publications Are Gaining in Appreciation 41.8 How to Recognize Predatory Journals References 42 How to Find a Suitable Journal for Your Manuscript 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Initially Deciding on Which Journal to Publish 42.3 Factors to Consider in Selecting a Suitable Journal 42.4 Recommended Approach 42.5 Contacting the Editorial Office 42.6 Acceptable Format for Manuscripts 42.7 Handling a Negative Editorial Decision 42.8 The Possible Outcomes of Submitting to an Unsuitable Journal References 43 Scientific Peer Review 43.1 Introduction 43.2 History of Peer Review 43.3 Process 43.4 Criticism References 44 How to Reply to Editors and Reviewers 44.1 You Receive the Decision Letter… 44.2 Context 44.3 Types of Decision Letters and How to Answer 44.4 After You Resubmitted 44.5 Conclusion References 45 Causes of Manuscript Rejection and How to Handle a Rejected Manuscript 45.1 Introduction 45.2 Dealing with the Common Causes of Rejection 45.3 Summary 45.4 Conclusions References 46 Resources and Databases 46.1 Reference Search Using Textbooks 46.2 Reference Search Using Websites 46.3 Other Sources Further Reading 47 Research: A Construct Defined by Context 47.1 Introduction 47.2 Research Literacy: A Mindset and Skillset for Self‐Critical Systematic Inquiry 47.3 Defining and Planning the Research Context: The Research Proposal 47.4 Evaluating Research Resources: Self‐Reflective Research Practice 47.5 Meaning and Context: A Self‐Critical Perspective References 48 Critical Evaluation of the Clinical Literature 48.1 Introduction 48.2 Critical Appraisal of a Scientific Article 48.3 Is the Study Valid? 48.4 What Are the Results? Assessing and Analyzing Results of a Study 48.5 Are the Results Useful? From Research to Clinical Practice 48.6 The Research World References

11  Section VIII: Technical Writing 49 Writing for Your Audience 49.1 Introduction 49.2 Who Is Your Audience? 49.3 Where Is Your Audience? 49.4 How Does Your Audience Inform Your Writing Style? 50 Principles of Writing a Good Scholarly Paper 50.1 What Is a Good Paper? 50.2 Order of Writing 50.3 Draft, Draft, and Redraft 50.4 Conclusions Further Reading 51 Tips for Scientific Writing 51.1 Professional Publications 51.2 Manuscripts Require Repeated Revision Before They Are Submitted for Publication 51.3 Establish the Right Mindset before You Write 51.4 Remember Who Your Readers Are 51.5 How to Convey Your Findings 51.6 Keeping “Discussion” Sections under Control 52 Perspectives of a Medical Editor 52.1 Everyone Needs an Editor 52.2 When Planning Your Foray into Academic Writing, Keep It Simple 52.3 Learn to Use a Good Reference Software Program 52.4 Become Your Own Line Editor 52.5 Minimize Acronyms 52.6 Beware of Predatory Journals 52.7 Check Your Numbers – Then Check Them Again 52.8 Fully Involve Your Co‐authors 52.9 Observe the Copyright Laws 52.10 Once Your Accepted Article Is in Production, Check Your Proof Carefully References 53 The Art of Organizing Your Research Content 53.1 The Art of Organizing Your Research Content 53.2 The Outline 53.3 Organization by Section 53.4 How to Approach Content Organization References 54 Economy of Writing: How to Write Technical Content 54.1 Planning 54.2 The Process 54.3 General Writing Issues 54.4 Epilogue 55 Writing an Effective Title and Abstract 55.1 An Effective Title 55.2 Preparation of the Abstract 55.3 Features of a Quality Abstract 55.4 Editing of the Abstract Further Reading 56 Writing the Results Section 56.1 Introduction 56.2 Content 56.3 Language, Style, and Organization 56.4 Accuracy of Findings and Presentation of Data 56.5 Use of Tables and Illustrative Materials References 57 Writing the Discussion Section for Original Research Articles 57.1 Introduction 57.2 Purpose of a Discussion Section 57.3 What and How to Discuss References 58 Reporting a Clinical Trial 58.1 Evidence‐Based Medicine 58.2 Quality of Clinical Trials 58.3 Writing Your Manuscript References 59 Publishing a Case Report 59.1 Introduction 59.2 Clinicians Are Rich Sources for Unique Medical and Surgical Cases 59.3 The Importance of Publishing Case Reports 59.4 When Should a Case Report Be Written? 59.5 If You Publish Your Case Report, Who Will Be Interested in Reading It? 59.6 Do You Have Sufficient Material for a Case Report? 59.7 Choosing the Right Journal 59.8 Ethical Considerations: Patient and Institution 59.9 From Case Studies to Large‐Scale Clinical Studies References 60 Writing Editorials 60.1 What Is an Editorial? 60.2 Who Can Write an Editorial? 60.3 Contents of a Typical Editorial 60.4 Key Point for Writing Editorials References 61 Writing a Letter to the Editor 61.1 What Is a Letter to the Editor? 61.2 How to Approach Writing a Letter to the Editor 61.3 What Happens When Your Letter Has Been Accepted? Further Reading 62 Writing a Book Review 62.1 Introduction 62.2 Strategy for Crafting Book Reviews 62.3 Negative and Positive Book Reviews 62.4 Editorial Guidance 62.5 Checklist for Writing a Book Review References 63 Use of Illustrations and Figures to Enhance Scientific Presentations and Publications 63.1 Introduction 63.2 What Is Medical Illustration? 63.3 Types of Illustrations 63.4 Illustrations and Research Design 63.5 Sourcing Illustrations 63.6 Collaborations 63.7 Conclusion Further Reading 64 How to Prepare Supplemental Materials for Scientific Publications 64.1 Introduction 64.2 Definition of Supplemental Materials 64.3 How to Decide What Is Supplementary 64.4 Types of Supplemental Materials and How to Prepare Them 64.5 Online Storage and Access 64.6 Conclusions References 65 Reference‐Management Software 65.1 Introduction 65.2 Situational Example 65.3 What Is on the Market? 65.4 What to Expect from an RMS 65.5 Working in Collaboration and Sharing 65.6 In‐Computer versus Cloud 65.7 All Is Well? What Does the Future Hold? References Further Reading

12  Section IX: Biostatistics 66 Basic Statistical Analysis for Original Studies 66.1 Introduction 66.2 Measures of Central Tendencies 66.3 Types of Data 66.4 Distribution of Data 66.5 Transformation (Normalization) of Data 66.6 Measures of Variability 66.7 P‐Value and its Importance 66.8 Outliers 66.9 Various Statistical Tests and their Uses 66.10 Nonparametric Tests 66.11 Statistical Power 66.12 Determination of Sample Size 66.13 Establishing a Statistical Relationship 66.14 Interpretation of Interactions 66.15 Determination of Statistical Causality 66.16 Adjustment of Covariates in Clinical Trials 66.17 Statistical Software Packages Acknowledgments References Further Reading 67 An Overview of Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis 67.1 Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses 67.2 Structure of a Meta‐Analysis 67.3 Role of Meta‐Analysis in Evidence‐Based Medicine 67.4 Critical Appraisal Sheet for Systematic Reviews References 68 An Introduction to Meta‐Analysis 68.1 Introduction 68.2 Step One: Frame a Study Question 68.3 Step Two: Search the Literature and Conduct Initial Screening 68.4 Step Three: Conduct Risk of Bias Appraisal of Full Texts 68.5 Step Four: Abstract Data from Individual Studies 68.6 Step Five: Assess Whether the Studies Are Homogeneous 68.7 Step Six: Conduct Fixed Effects or Random Effects Meta‐analysis and Perform Sensitivity Analyses 68.8 Conclusion References 69 Missing Values: How to Treat Them Appropriately 69.1 Introduction 69.2 Types of Missingness 69.3 Linear Regression Models 69.4 Modern Approaches to the Problem of Missing Data References

13  Section X: Academic Networking 70 Essentials of Interviewing for Prospective Medical Students and Residents 70.1 The Importance of a Great Interview 70.2 General Interview Skills 70.3 Conversational Ability 70.4 Advocating for Oneself 70.5 A Note on Honesty 70.6 Explaining Weaknesses on an Application 70.7 Preparation: A Means of Reducing Anxiety 70.8 Put Your Best Foot Forward: Attire and Behavior 70.9 Interview Expenses 70.10 Scheduling the Interview 70.11 Learn about the Program 70.12 Pre‐Interview Contact 70.13 The Interview Day 70.14 Post‐Interview Contact 70.15 Key Questions to Ask and Be Asked Further Reading 71 Professional and Academic Societies and Meetings 71.1 Academic Societies 71.2 Professional Societies 71.3 Career Benefits 71.4 Getting Started 71.5 Conclusions References 72 Getting the Most from Attending a Professional Meeting 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Choosing a Meeting 72.3 Budgeting for Travel and Housing 72.4 Surveying the Sessions 72.5 Visiting Vendors/Publishers 72.6 Presenting Your Work or Research 72.7 Getting Involved 72.8 Follow‐Up and Follow‐Through References 73 Finding Research Opportunities as a Medical Student 73.1 Why Pursue Research as a Medical Student? 73.2 A Disclaimer: What Benefit Does Research Bring to the Medical Student? 73.3 Background for the Student‐Researcher 73.4 How to Find Research Opportunities as a Medical Student 73.5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References 74 A Guide to Writing a Curriculum Vitae 74.1 Introduction 74.2 What Should Be Included in the CV? 74.3 Cover Page 74.4 Personal Data 74.5 Education 74.6 Professional Experience 74.7 Awards and Grants 74.8 Publications 74.9 Additional Categories 74.10 Formatting/Layout 74.11 Conclusion References

14  Index

15  End User License Agreement