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1.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects

Today's main concern of agriculture is the quality of productivity in order to feed the world population. For more production and protection of crops, farmers use chemicals that directly or indirectly effects the fertility of the soil as well as the consumers of the crop. To alleviate the chemical inputs in the agriculture requires detailed information about root exudation and its influence on plant development through soil condition modulation in terms of both biotic as well as abiotic components. Production of the crop depends on plant genotype and soil ecosystem. Root exudate is the key factor in the rhizospheric interaction due to nutrient assets. Researchers should emphasize root exudates, through profiling and their impact on microbes and soil in the rhizosphere for more exploration of root exudate. Still there are several unexplored chemicals of root exudates that can create magnificent changes in the soil and plants in terms of fertility, defense, growth, and yield. A few relevant and essential components of root exudates can be used for developing variety through genetic engineering and breeding, which assists in a sustainable agriculture system. Several chemical inducers should be explored, which increases the quantity of root exudates for better performance of the rhizosphere. In conclusional, in revealing root exudation secrets, we can support economical agricultural productivity through achievement of environmental sustainability.

Table 1.2 Developments in root exudate studies and their action mechanism.

S. No.	Root exudate component(s)	Plant system under study	Mechanism	References
1	Terpenoid class of compound: strigolactone	—	Recruitment of fungal species and establishment of Arbuscular mycorrhiza	Parniske (2008)
2	The isoflavones like daidzein, genistein, and coumestrol	Tribe Phaseoleae plants	Induces the nod gene expression in their rhizobial partners	Dakora (2000)
3	Sugars, sugar acids, amino acids and organic acids	Maize root	Effect of exudate components on the chemosensory systems of Pseudomonas putida KT2440	Lopez‐Farfan et al. (2019)
4	A class of indole‐derived plant chemical, benzoxazinoids	Cereal crops	Antifeedant, insecticidal, antimicrobial, and allelopathic activities are related with this exudate component	Wouters et al. (2016)
5	A phenolic compound luteolin	‐‐	Acts as a potent and specific inducer of nodABC gene expression in Rhizobium meliloti.	Caetano‐Anolles et al. (1988)
6	Catechol and flavonoids catechin, and quercetin	Maize (Zea mays L.)	Silicon‐induced amelioration of aluminum toxicity	Kidd et al. (2001)
7	Benzoxazinoids, secondary metabolites in grasses	Maize (Zea mays L.)	Effects the interaction between maize and Pseudomonas putida KT2440.	Neal et al. (2012)
8	Cyclic hydroxamates	Maize (Zea mays L.)	Mediate aluminum toxicity resistance in plant	Poschenrieder et al. (2005)
9	Benzoxazinoids, secondary metabolites in grasses	Maize (Zea mays L.)	Regulator of innate immunity against aphids and fungi	Ahmad et al. (2005)
10	Carotenoid‐derived strigolactones	Pea & Arabidopsis	Involved in inhibition of shoot branching in plants	Gomez‐Roldan et al. (2008)
11	Soyasaponins	Soybean (Glycine max)	Regulates communication with beneficial microorganisms in soil	Tsuno et al. (2018)
12	Phytoestrogens	Clover legume	Male‐biased sex ratios and accelerates male metamorphic timing in wood frogs	Lambert (2015)
13	Phenol glycoside: rutin	Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata r	Regulate orientation of hyphal elongation toward the root tip, thereby favoring mycorrhizal infection	Lagrange et al. (2001)
14	Artificial root exudate having glucose, organic acids, and serine	—	These components of root exudate accelerate the degradation of pyrene in soil, especially glucose	Lu et al. (2017)
15	Organic acids	Legumes Lotus corniculatus L. and Trifoliumarvense L. and the grass Calamagrostis epigeios (L.)	Influence of these exudation components on plant nutrient acquisition	Boldt‐Burisch et al. (2019)
16	Root exudate components: proline and phytohormones	Citrus plants	Alleviation of abiotic stress conditions.	Vives‐Peris et al. (2017)
17	Root exudate components: proline and salicylates	Citrus plants	Recruitment of rhizobacteria and alleviation of abiotic stress conditions.	Vives‐Peris et al. (2018)
18	1‐alanine, 1‐proline and oxalic acid of root exudate	Sedum alfredii	Phytoremediation of lead contaminated soils	Luo et al. (2017)
19	Organic acids like malic, lactic, acetic, succinic, citric, and maleic acids in root exudates	Corn hybrids (Zea mays L.)	These exudate components might contribute to drought tolerance in corn hybrids	Song et al. (2012)
20	Organic acid exudates	White spruce (Picea glauca) and subalpine Fir (Abieslasiocarpa)	Significant role of exudate organic acids in the transformation of mica and chlorite into smectite in rhizospheric soils	Tuason and Arocena (2009)
21	Root exudate metabolome: primary and secondary metabolites	Quercus ilex (holm oak)	Exudate components were changed irreversibly by the lack of water under extreme drought conditions	Gargallo‐Garriga et al. (2018)
22	Seed exudate: carbon and nitrogen contents	Chia (Salvia hispanica)	Plant exudates greatly affect the physical behavior of soil	Oleghe et al. (2017)
23	Exudate components like total free amino acids, proline, potassium, and some phytohormones	Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)	Root exudate is an important factor in the context of crop performance and carbon balance under conditions of climate change	Olga et al. (2017)
24	Sakuranetin and sorgoleone of root exudate	Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)	Biological nitrification inhibition activity	Subbarao et al. (2013)
25	1,9‐decanediol	Rice (Oryza sativa)	Blocks the ammonia monooxygenase pathway of ammonia oxidation and effects nitrogen use efficiency	Sun et al. (2016)

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