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Special analyses were required only of the video and audio material. The other data sources were analyzed following established scoring procedures.

Since the present discussion is based primarily on the videotaped material, details of this analysis are outlined here.

There were 25 relatively discrete incidents identifiable on the tapes of prisoner–guard interactions. Each incident or scene was scored for the presence of nine behavioral (and verbal) categories by two judges who had not been involved with the simulation study. These categories were defined as follows:

 Question All questions asked, requests for information or assistance (excluding rhetorical questions).

 Command An order to commence or abstain from a specific behavior, directed to either individuals or groups. Also generalized orders; e.g., “Settle down.”

 Information A specific piece of information proffered by anyone, whether requested or not, dealing with any contingency of the simulation.

 Individuating reference Positive: use of a person’s real name, nickname, or allusion to special positive physical characteristics. Negative: use of prison number, title, generalized “you,” or reference to derogatory characteristic.

 Threat Verbal statement of contingent negative consequences of a wide variety; e.g., no meal, long count, pushups, lock-up in hole, no visitors.

 Deprecation/insult Use of obscenity, slander, malicious statement directed toward individuals or groups, e.g., “You lead a life of mendacity,” “You guys are really stupid.”

 Resistance Any physical resistance, usually prisoners to guards, such as holding onto beds, blocking doors, shoving guard or prisoner, taking off stocking caps, refusing to carry out orders.

 Help Person physically assisting another (excludes verbal statements of support); e.g., guard helping another to open door, prisoner helping another prisoner in cleanup duties.

 Use of instruments Use of any physical instrument to either intimidate, threaten, or achieve specific end; e.g., fire extinguisher, batons, whistles.