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The final alternative or candidate for V2G integration we selected for analysis were military non-combat vehicles. We decided to restrict military EVs to only non-combat or nontactical vehicles, since combat vehicles need to keep their SoCs as high as possible for operational readiness. We do acknowledge that combat vehicles could likely support ancillary services while plugged in, but that scenario would require a separate analysis outside our scope.

In 2013, the US Department of Defense (DoD) acquired 500 alternative fueled vehicles [21]. It is predicted that the DoD will own or lease 92,000 hybrid and electric vehicles through 2020 to help lower its fuel consumption, and reduce the risk and associated impact of fuel price volatility [22]. Furthermore, through Phase 2 of the Smart Power Infrastructure Demonstration for Energy Reliability and Security (SPIDERS) program, the DoD along with the Department of Energy and the US Army ran the first V2G test at Fort Carson, Colorado. The test integrated a 1 MW solar microgrid with five electric vehicles coupled “with advanced bi-directional vehicle chargers to integrate the battery capacity of electric vehicles in both microgrid and normal operations” [23].

With the current DoD experience in mind, we believe that future non-tactical EVs could be used during summer peak times. Such vehicles, if coupled with PV installations already in place on many military installations should also have sufficient SoCs during the 4 to 9 pm window selected for study.