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In the oxyfuel process, the air is split into nitrogen and oxygen, generally using an air separation unit (ASU), for the combustion of fuel with nearly pure oxygen. The consequence is a higher flame temperature and a highly concentrated CO₂ stream (60–75%, wet and might contain impurities and incondensable components) that can be further purified to meet the final use specifications. The CO₂‐rich gas is typically recirculated to manage the unstable flame and its high temperature. Nowadays, the progress on oxyfuel combustion is focused on the reduction of air separation costs and the enhancement of process configuration to reduce capture costs. Further information can be found, for example, in Ref. [10]. Based on the current progress, the most advanced arrangements can be assessed as TRL 7.

An advanced oxyfuel process, called the Allam cycle (Figure 1.2), is being tested at large scale as part of the NET Power project in the United States [4]. This involves oxyfuel combustion and a high‐pressure supercritical CO₂ working fluid in a highly recuperated Brayton cycle, aiming to reduce CO₂ capture costs and prove stable operation. Based on that, there is a potential to progress to a TRL of 7 once the facility is fully operational.