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Editors’ Introduction

Burton L. VisotzkyMichael Tilly

1 Die Wissenschaft des Judentums

2 World War II and Vatican II

3 Jacob Neusner resets the agenda

4 Martin Hengel, (Judaism and Hellenism)

5 The New Academy

6 Kohlhammer’s

7 What is not featured in these volumes

8 What is in these volumes

8.1 Judaism I: History

1 Judaism, Hellenism, and the Maccabees

2 Jews in the West: From Herod to Constantine the Great

3 The Resilience of Jews and Judaism in Late Roman-Byzantine Eretz Israel

4 Judaism in Babylonia

5 Jews and/under Islam, 650–1000 CE

6 Judaism in the Middle Ages 1000–1500

7 Judaism During and After the Expulsions 1492–1750

8 Modern Judaism 1750–1930

9 The Holocaust and Antisemitism

10 Zionism and the State of Israel

11 Judaism in America

12 Judaism in Europe after the Second World War

8.2 Judaism II: Literature

13 The Jewish Bible: Traditions and Translations

14 Jewish Literature in the Hellenistic-Roman Period (350 B.C.E. –150 C.E.)

15 Tannaitic Literature

16 Amoraic Literature (ca 250–650 CE): Talmud and Midrash

17 Rabbinic-Gaonic and Karaite Literatures (ca. 650–1050 CE)

18 Legal Commentary, Responsa, and Codes Literature

19 Medieval Biblical Commentary and Aggadic Literature

20 Piyyut

21 Jewish Liturgy

22 Jewish Mysticism

8.3 Judaism III: Culture and Modernity

23 Jewish Philosophy and Thought

24 Judaism, Feminism, and Gender

25 Halakhah (Jewish Law) in Contemporary Judaism

26 Jewish engagement(s) with Modern Culture

27 Languages of the Jews

28 Modern Jewish Literature

29 Judaism and Inter-faith Relations since World War II

9 Conclusion

Judaism, Hellenism, and the Maccabees

Hermann Lichtenberger

1 The Hellenization of Ancient Judaism—Preliminary Notes

2 Judaism and Hellenism in the Land of Israel/Judea—»Palestinian Judaism« as »Hellenistic Judaism«

2.1 The reception of Greek/Hellenistic culture in Judea

Greek language

Greek education and training

Greek literature and philosophy in Jewish Palestine

Greek translations of Jewish Hebrew works, taking Jesus ben Sirach as an example: The prologue of the grandson as a translator

3 The LXX as a Translation

3.1 The special features of the LXX as a translation

3.2 On the origins of the LXX—legend and history

Letter of (Pseudo-)Aristeas

Philo

Josephus

The Torah for King Talmai

4 The Temple Conflict under Antiochus IV and the Maccabean Revolt

4.1 Preliminary remarks

4.2 History of research

4.3 The events

4.4 Reception of the martyrdom of the mother and her seven sons

Ancient Judaism

5 The Samaritans

5.1 On the history of the Samaritans

5.2 Basic features of Samaritan theology in Antiquity

6 The Temple in Jerusalem, Other Jewish Temples, and Communities without a Temple

6.1 The temple in Jerusalem and other Jewish temples

6.2 Judaism without a temple

The of Qumran

Atonement for the land

Polemic against the »Wicked Priest«: date of the Day of Atonement

Distance from sacrifices among the Essenes

6.3 Guide to a Judaism without a temple—the Pharisees

6.4 The followers of Jesus of Nazareth

7 The synagogue—History and Significance

7.1 The emergence of the synagogue

7.2 The functions of the synagogue

7.3 Synagogues in the Diaspora

Egypt

Rome

Outlook

8 Sacred Writings in Judaism of the Hellenistic-Roman Period

9 The Emergence of the Canon of Biblical Writings in Alexandria and Judea—Concluding Remarks

10 Final Reflections on Judaism and Hellenism

For further reading

Jews in the West: From Herod to Constantine the Great

Natalie B. Dohrmann

1 Introduction

2 Herod (37–4 BCE)

3 Herodian Dynasty (4 BCE–66 CE)

4 Flavius Josephus

5 Roman Administration and the Run-up to the War

6 Jewish Identity and Jewish Extremism

7 The Jewish War (66–73 CE)

8 The Interbellum and Bar Kokhbah (73–136 CE)

9 The Legal Status of Jews under Roman Rule

9.1 Jews in the Roman Diaspora

9.2 Diaspora Uprising 115–117 CE

9.3 Jewish Alexandria

9.4 Jews of Rome

10 Pagan Perspectives on Jews and Judaism

11 The Jesus Movement and Early Christianity

12 The Rabbinic Movement

13 Conclusion

For further reading

Primary sources in English Translation

Secondary Reading

The Resilience of Jews and Judaism in Late Roman-Byzantine Eretz Israel

Lee I. Levine

1 Introduction

2 Developments in the History of Palestine in the Late Roman Era (Second and Third Centuries)

3 Within the Byzantine-Christian Orbit

4 Synagogues

4.1 Capernaum

4.2 Ḥammat Tiberias

4.3 Sepphoris

4.4 Ḥuqoq

5 Remains from the Cairo Genizah

6 The Flourishing of Jewish Culture in Late Antiquity

6.1 Burgeoning synagogue Construction

6.2 The Appearance of in Jewish Liturgy

6.3 Aggadic Midrashim: A New Creation

6.4 Jewish Art in Late Antiquity

7 Jewish »Late Antiquity« in its wider Cultural Context

8 Conclusions

For further reading

Judaism in Babylonia: 226–650 CE

Geoffrey Herman

1 Jewish settlement, community, and daily life

2 Under the Arsacid and Sasanian Empires

3 Jews and Persians

4 The Babylonian Legacy

5 Rabbis and Rabbinic Schools

6 The Exilarchate

For further reading

Jews and/under Islam: 650–1000 CE

Phillip Issac Liebermann

1 General Conditions

2 The Pact of ʿUmar

3 Communal Organization

4 Daily Life

5 The Karaite Schism

6 Religious Life

7 Regional Life

For further reading

Judaism in the Middle Ages: 1000–1500

Robert Chazan

1 Introduction

2 Northern Europe Jewry: Beginnings

3 Northern European Jewry: Maturation

4 Northern European Jewry: Accelerating Pressures

5 Southern European Jewry

6 Conclusions

For further reading

Judaism During and After the Expulsions: 1492–1750

Joseph M. Davis

1 The »Early Modern« Period

2 The Catastrophe: Expulsion from Spain

3 The Recovery of Judaism 1492–1618

4 Early Modern Judaism

4.1 The Formation of Early Modern Judaism

4.2 Printing and Literacy

4.3 Kabbalah

5 The Seventeenth Century

5.1 The Jews in the Global Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (1618–1676)

5.2 The Spiritual Crisis of the Mid-Seventeenth Century: Baruch Spinoza and Shabbetai Tsvi

5.3 New Centers and New Peripheries 1675–1750

6 Hasidism and its Opponents: 1740–the Present

For further reading

Modern Judaism: 1750–1930

Dominique Bourel

1 When did »Modern Judaism« begin?

2 Moses Mendelssohn and the Jewish Enlightenment (

3 Jewish Enlightenment in Europe

4 The Birth and Solidification of Hasidism

5

6

7 The Debate between Orthodoxy and Reform

8 Modern American Judaism

9 The Emergence of Zionism

For further reading

The Holocaust and Anti-Semitism

Michael Berenbaum

1 The Rise of the Nazi Movement

1.1 Adolf Hitler—Evolution of an Anti-Semite

1.2 Roots of Anti-Semitism

1.3 Nazi Rise to Power

1.4 The Fragility of Democracy

1.5 Nazis in Power

1.6 German Jewish Reaction

1.7 The 1936 Olympics

2 1938—The End of the Beginning and the Beginning of the End

2.1 The »Anschluss« of Austria

2.2 Evian and the Refugee Crisis

2.3 The Kristallnacht Reich’s Pogrom, the Night of Broken Glass

2.4 The American Reaction

3 The Beginning of World War II

3.1 German Conquests

3.2 The Ghettos

3.3 Resistance in the Ghettos

3.4 Jewish Life in Western Europe

3.5 Theresienstadt

4 The Final Solution

4.1 The Killers

4.2 Situation in the Baltics

4.3 The Wannsee Conference

4.4 »Liquidation« of the Ghettos

4.5 Deportation by Rail

4.6 Death Camps

4.7 Death Marches

5 The Aftermath of World War II

5.1 Liberation

5.2 Return to Life

5.3 Nuremberg Trials

5.4 Genocide: The Word and the Crime

6 Anti-Semitism after World War II

6.1 Eroding the Foundations of Christian Anti-Semitism

The Catholic Church

The Protestant Churches

6.2 Jewish Life in Israel

6.3 Anti-Semitism in North America

6.4 Anti-Semitism in Europe

Eastern Europe

7 Survivors and Memory

7.1 Survival and Survivors

7.2 Holocaust Memory in the Contemporary World

For further reading

Zionism and the State of Israel

Martin Kloke

1 »By the Rivers of Babylon«: The Early History of Zionism

2 Jewish Palestine before the First World War

3 The First World War and the Balfour Declaration, 1917

4 Consolidation and Advances: The Zionist Project under the British Mandate

5 In the Shadow of the Shoah: Jewish Mass Immigration, the Arab Uprising and, the Second World War

6 Partition Plans in Context: En Route to the State of Israel

7 War and Terrorism: Signs of a Violent Relationship between Israel and Palestine

8 The Founding of the State of Israel

9 Foundations of State and Society

10 The Israelis: A Migrant Society in Flux

11 Israel in the Middle East: Between War and Peace-Process

12 Democracy under Stress

13 The Israeli Economic Miracle and the Nuclear Nightmare

14 Israel’s Image in the World

15 Future Prospects: Looking Ahead

For further reading

Judaism in America

Deborah Dash Moore

1 A Revolution in American Judaism

2 Conflict and Competition

3 Americanizing Jewish Culture: Capitalism and Gender

4 Jewish Communal Organizations

5 New Religious Movements

6 Postwar Religion and Politics

7 American Jews with American Values

8 Diversity and Dissent

For further reading

Judaism in Europe after the Second World War

Kerstin Armborst-Weihs

1 Displaced Persons

2 The Soviet Union and Successor States

2.1 The Situation of the Jewish Population in the Post-War Decades

2.2 Jewish Emigration from the Soviet Union

2.3 Developments since

3 Poland and Hungary

4 Germany

5 Great Britain

6 France

7 Southern Europe

7.1 Italy

7.2 Spain

7.3 Greece

8 Judaism in Europe: Organizations, Plans, and Discussions

For further reading

Index

1 Sources

1 Hebrew Bible

Genesis

Numbers

Deuteronomy

Judges

2 Kings

Ezra

Nehemiah

Isaiah

Jeremiah

Ezekiel

Daniel

Hosea

1.1 New Testament

1.2 Deuterocanonical Works and Septuagint

1.3 Old Testament Pseudepigrapha

1.4 Dead Sea Scrolls

1.5 Philo of Alexandria

1.6 Flavius Josephus

1.7 Rabbinical Sources

1.8 Classical and Ancient Christian Writings

2 Names

3 Keywords

Maps