Читать книгу The Science of Health Disparities Research - Группа авторов - Страница 54

Disparities can be measured in the United States in years of potential life lost before age 75, defined as an estimation of the average time an individual would have lived if he or she had not died early due to race and ethnicity [7]. Years of potential life lost for Blacks is higher than for all other groups (see Table 3.2). In 2015, the crude estimate for Blacks is 9764.6 years of potential life lost per 100 000 population under age 75. The lowest figure is observed among Asians or Pacific Islanders: 3073.6 years of potential life lost. Though the highest figures of years of potential life lost are among Blacks, there has been a decreasing trend, from 17 873.4 years in 1980 to 9702.3 years in 2015.

Table 3.2 Years of potential life lost before age 75 (per 100 000 population under age 75) for all causes of death by race and ethnicity, United States, selected years 1980–2015.

Source: National Center for Health Statistics [6].

	Crude	Age adjusted
	2015	1980	1990	2000	2010	2014	2015
White	7 090.6	9 554.1	8 159.5	6 949.5	6 342.8	6 390.1	6 514.8
Black or African American	9 764.6	17 873.4	16 593.0	12 897.1	9 832.5	9 490.6	9 702.3
Hispanic or Latino	4 452.8	—	7 963.3	6 037.6	4 795.1	4 676.8	4 750.4
Asian or Pacific Islander	3 073.6	5 378.4	4 705.2	3 811.1	3 061.2	2 954.4	3 049.7
American Indian or Alaska Native	6 895.3	13 390.9	9 506.2	7 758.2	6 771.3	6 954.0	7 176.2

For Latinos and Whites, the years of potential life lost also show a decreasing trend, with the exception of a slight increase between 2013 and 2014 (4668.1 years in 2013 to 4676.8 years in 2014 for Latinos and 6338.2 years in 2013 to 6390.1 years in 2014 for Whites). There were large improvements for American Indians or Alaska Natives between 1980 (13 390.9 years) and 1990 (9506.2 years), and small improvements between 1990 and 2015 (9506.2 years and 7176.2 years, respectively). Despite these improvements, a study in 2015 of mortality found that overall life expectancy in the United States has decreased slightly from 78.9 years in 2014 to 78.8 years in 2015 [8]. This is noteworthy, as it is the first time the United States has seen a drop in life expectancy in decades.