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Treatment

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In healthy animals and when the cardiovascular changes are mild, no treatment is necessary. In cases of severe hypotension or cardiovascular collapse, supportive treatment with intravenous fluids, positive inotropic drugs (e.g. dobutamine) and/or vasoconstrictors (e.g. phenylephrine) may be necessary. Also, a venous blood sample should be obtained to check acid–base balance and serum electrolytes, and treat derangements (e.g. hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia) as necessary.

Complications in Equine Surgery

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