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The most common muscle groups used for intramuscular injection are the cervical (trapezius), pectoral, gluteal, and caudal thigh (semimembranosus, semitendinosus) muscles [1, 2]. Most veterinarians do not advocate use of the gluteal muscles, because this site provides poor drainage if any septic complications develop after injection [2]. Injection technique requires identification of local anatomy and recognition of topical landmarks.

The skin overlying the proposed injection site should be clean; however, there is no consensus if topical disinfection with alcohol reduces the risk of bacterial inoculation [1, 2]. For a full‐sized horse, a 1.5” needle should be used to allow for deep penetration into the muscle and it is prudent to use a larger‐sized needle (18–19 gauge), because smaller needles can break off in the muscle if the patient resists the injection. In most circumstances, it is best to place the needle in the muscle without the syringe and then attach the syringe to the hub of the needle. The syringe should be aspirated to ensure no contamination of the site with blood before injecting the medication, because many intramuscularly administered medications are not compatible with intravenous injection (e.g. procaine penicillin) or would have a different dosage if administered by the intravenous route (e.g. sedatives) [1, 2]. Ideally, no more than 10 ml should be injected at one site; the needle is redirected if larger volumes are administered [1, 2].