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In general, such deposits are obtained at pressures of <100 kPa in the temperature region 600–1300 K on metals such as iron, cobalt, or nickel.

Typical filaments consist of a duplex structure, a relatively oxidation‐resistant skin surrounding a more easily oxidizable core, with a metal particle located at the growing end of the filament. They generally range from 0.01 to 0.5 μm in diameter and up to 10 μm in length.

In some systems, the metal particles are located in the middle of the filaments, and there are also examples where several filaments originate from a single particle.

The filaments may be produced in different conformations, such as helical, twisted, and straight.

See: Baker and Harris [5].