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About 27% of the petroleum coke derived from delayed coking processes is calcined for use in downstream aluminum and steel production. The amount of calcined petroleum coke produced worldwide was 28 × 10⁶ t/a in 2013. Calcination includes the elimination, burning, and coking of water and higher‐boiling hydrocarbons contained in petroleum coke. Finally a carbon product remains that contains sulfur and nitrogen plus small amounts of vanadium, nickel, sodium, calcium, iron, and silicon.

Calcining was carried out at about 40 calciner sites in 2005 (see Table 6.1.2.4). While the calciners in North America are usually run by independent companies or attributed to aluminum production, the calciners in other regions are production units of the refineries.

At present 66% of the calcining capacity are controlled by merger (biggest: Rain C II Carbon and Oxbow Calcining), 25% by Aluminum works/Smelter (Aluminum Bahrain, Alcan Inc., JSC Bratsk), and 9% by Refineries (ConocoPhillips, BP).

Calcining is mostly carried out in rotary kiln and rotary hearth plants. While the rotary kiln largely predominates in America, some hearth plants are used in Europe. Generally the kiln type is the technology of choice. Shaft kilns are starting to be used mostly in China.

In both types of rotary calcining complexes, the water and VCM contents of green coke are eliminated by heating up to 1200–1350 °C. The heat required for calcining the green coke is primarily provided by burning the VCM released from the coke calcination process. Combustion air is admitted to the calciner. In normal operation only the quantity of air needed for the complete combustion of the VCM release from the coke is added; no free oxygen occurs in the off‐gas.

Table 6.1.2.4 Petroleum coke calciners [25].

Owner	Location	State	Type	Production capacity (103 t/a)
North America
Alcan	Arvida	Quebec	Kiln	215
Alcan	Kitimat	British Columbia	Kiln	80
Alcan/Intalco	Edmonton	Alberta	Kiln	165
Arco	Cherry point	Washington	Hearth	675
Arco	Los Angeles	California	Kiln	315
Calciner Industries	Chalmette	Louisiana	Kiln	200
Calciner Industries	Gramercy	Louisiana	Kiln	230
Calciner Industries	Norco	Louisiana	Kiln	170
Calciner Industries	Purvis	Mississippi	Kiln	80
Conoco	Lake Charles	Louisiana	Kiln	260
Great Lakes Carbon	Enid	Oklahoma	Kiln	470
Great Lakes Carbon	Port Arthur	Texas	Kiln	635
Kaiser Aluminum	Mead	Washington	Kiln	80
Landmark Petroleum	Fruita	Colorado	Kiln	240
Reynolds Metals	Baton Rouge	Louisiana	Kiln	620
Reynolds Metals	Lake Charles	Louisiana	Kiln	200
Union Chemicals	Rodeo	California	Kiln	295
Venco	Lake Charles	Louisiana	Kiln	400
Venco	Moundsville	West Virginia	Kiln	400
South America
Copetro	La Plata	Argentina	Kiln	200
Petrocoque	Cubatao	Brazil	Kiln	400
Africa
Egyptalum	Nag Hammadi	Egypt	Hearth	135
Asia/Oceania
Government	Unknown	China	Kiln	455
KOA Oil	Marifu	Japan	Kiln	115
Petrocokes	Mizushima	Japan	Kiln	80
Various	Various	India	Kiln	240
Pertamina	Dumai	Indonesia	Kiln	270
Europe
Conoco	Immingham	United Kingdom	Kiln	1500
OMV	Burghausen	Germany	Hearth	200
Esso AG	Karlsruhe	Germany	Hearth	130
Government	Sisak	Yugoslavia	Kiln	50
Government	Various	CIS	Hearth/kiln	2015
Rafinor	Mongstad	Norway	Hearth	170
Repsol	La Coruna	Spain	Hearth	180
BP	Gelsenkirchen	Germany	Kiln	200
BP	Lingen	Germany	kiln	130

The yield of calcined coke per ton of green coke varies from 75 to 85 wt% (dry basis) depending on the technology used.

The worldwide calcination capacities distribute to the calciner types: rotary kiln calciner about 85% and rotary hearth calciner and shaft kiln calciner each about 7–8.