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How might healthcare professionals learn from aviators to reduce preventable error, thereby improving safety? There is one tool in particular that the aviation industry has relied upon that has gradually trickled into various facets of human healthcare: the checklist. Checklists may seem too simplistic an approach for the complexities of medical cases but by guarding against two common pitfalls in healthcare, distractions and human fatigue, they are perhaps more important than ever for safeguarding those for whom caregivers are responsible. Checklists are tangible reminders of steps that we may have forgotten to take; steps that we may remember, but fail to carry out to completion; and steps that we may take but execute improperly [2].

In aviation, checklists may be used for ordinary procedures, such as take‐offs and landings, as well as for malfunctions and emergencies. Healthcare as a whole has been slow to adopt this tool; however, human medical providers have gradually piloted, tested, and refined checklists in the following arenas [2, 22–33]:

 anesthetic equipment prechecks

 communication between team members

 emergency codes

 infection control

 medication dosing

 patient diagnosis

 patient identification

 patient tracking, from admission to discharge

 patient transfer from the operating room to the intensive care unit

 shift changes and communication between outgoing and incoming nursing staff

 surgical planning

 surgical procedures.

The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist was published in 2008 and remains one of the most widely used checklists in human healthcare today [2, 34].

The adoption of checklists and their success inherently depend upon staff training and resource management; that is, how team members interact with and influence one another [2]. Effective communication with opportunities for debriefing fosters teamwork and the opportunity to learn from mistakes, rather than hide from them [35, 36].