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Allele: A variant or alternative form of a gene, found at the same location on a chromosome, and which can result in different observable traits.

Clone: Derivative of an animal with which it is genetically identical.

Codon: A sequence of three nucleotides that represents amino acids or start and stop commands as DNA constituents.

Exon: A segment of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) that codes for specific proteins or peptides.

Genetics: The study of genes and how traits or conditions are passed from one generation to the next.

Genome: The complete set of genes for an animal.

Genomics: The study of the entire genome, and its combined influence on complex diseases and the impact of environmental factors such as diet, exercise, medications, and toxins on genes.

Genotype: An individual's genetic constitution.

Heterozygote: An individual with two different alleles for a given gene.

Homozygote: An individual with two identical alleles for a given gene.

Intron: A segment of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) that interrupts the sequence within genes but does not code for proteins.

Locus: A fixed position on a chromosome for a gene or marker.

Microsatellite: A tract of DNA in which certain base pairs are repeated. They are sometimes referred to as short tandem repeats.

Open Reading Frame: A continuous stretch of amino acid‐forming codons that has the ability to be translated into a protein or peptide.

Phene: A trait or characteristic that is genetically determined.

Phenotype: Observable characteristics or traits that result from the interaction of the genotype with the environment.

Polymorphism: Genetic variation within a population and with which selection pressures can operate.

Short Interspersed Element: Noncoding sequences of DNA that are useful markers of divergent evolution between species.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP): Genetic variation in a single DNA building block (nucleotide) that occurs at a specific position in the genome and is present within the population. There are millions of SNPs in the genome, most commonly located in the DNA between genes. Most have little or no impact on health and disease, but some can predict an individual's risk of developing particular diseases, likely response to certain drugs, or susceptibility to environmental factors.