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Allele: A variant or alternative form of a gene, found at the same location on a chromosome, and which can result in different observable traits.

Dominant: Heritable characteristics, traits, or diseases that are expressed when inherited even from one parent.

Epistasis: The situation in which the action of one gene depends on the action of another gene.

Expressivity: The extent to which a genetic variant (genotype) expresses the so‐called clinical abnormality (phenotype) on an individual level.

Genetics: The study of genes and how traits or conditions are passed from one generation to the next.

Genome: The complete set of genes for an animal.

Genomics: The study of the entire genome, and its combined influence on complex diseases and the impact of environmental factors such as diet, exercise, medications, and toxins on genes.

Genotype: An individual's genetic constitution.

Heterozygote: An individual with two different alleles for a given gene.

Homozygote: An individual with two identical alleles for a given gene.

Locus: A fixed position on a chromosome for a gene or marker.

Penetrance: The likelihood of individuals in a population with a given genetic variant (genotype) fully displaying the clinical manifestations (phenotype) of that variant.

Phene: A trait or characteristic that is genetically determined.

Phenotype: Observable characteristics or traits that result from the interaction of genotype with the environment.

Recessive: Heritable characteristics, traits, or diseases that are expressed only when inherited from both parents.