Читать книгу Kelly Vana's Nursing Leadership and Management - Группа авторов - Страница 190

1 Answer: C is correct.Rationale: During the Great Depression of the 1930s graduate nurses were unable to obtain private duty work. It was cheaper for hospitals to employ trained nurses rather than run a nurse training school. Medical care was becoming more complex but this was not the direct cause of the change from private duty to hospital nursing (A). Student nurses did not carry liability insurance at this time (B) and this was before the move of most nursing education to colleges and universities (D).

2 Answer: B is correct.Rationale: The text explains that nurses are more highly thought of in times of war. Perhaps surprisingly, complimentary television shows (A) and infectious disease outbreaks (C), such as the 1918 flu pandemic, do not alter the public's view of nurses. The Gallop Poll shows that the public considers nurses highly ethical (D).

3 Answer: C is correct.Rationale: There was not a hospital expansion during the late nineteenth century. The other answers (A, B, D) all influenced the need for formal nursing education.

4 Answer: B is correct.Rationale: Most student nurses at this time worked 12 hr shifts, although in some more progressive schools the students just worked 8 hr a day. Lectures were given in the evening after work (B). They did not have blocks of classroom time (A), days off (C), or 6 hr shifts (D).

5 Answer: B is correct.Rationale: Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing was founded in 1922. The American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses—now the National League for Nursing was founded first in 1893 (A), the Nurses Associated Alumnae followed in 1896 (D), and the National Organization for Public Health Nurses was founded in 1912(C).

6 Answer: A is correct.Rationale: Anesthesia was first publicly used for the purpose of painless surgery in the 1840s. When antisepsis was developed in the 1880s (C) the two necessary factors for complex yet relatively safe surgeries were in place. X‐rays were developed in the late 1890s (B) and penicillin in the 1940s (D).

7 Answer: A is correct.Rationale: More nurses were needed, which exacerbated an already severe post war nursing shortage. The Act didn't have an impact on patient acuity (B), or hospital insurance (C), and Medicaid was not initiated until the 1960s (D).

8 Answer: D is correct.Rationale: While the wounded doubtless needed more nurses, the other three reasons given (A, B, C) also significantly exacerbated the shortage.

9 Answer: A is correct.Rationale: The early programs really did just take two years—one of general education and one of nursing. More recently, the AD nursing curriculum has expanded and more general education courses may be required and these programs typically take longer. Answers B, C, and D are incorrect.

10 Answer: C is correct.Rationale: Wald is considered to be the founder of public health nursing. She was not in education (A) and she was not a midwife (B). Some could consider her an administrator (D)—she ran the Henry Street Settlement—but her primary role was in public health.