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An increasing number of studies have reported various health benefits from oral supplementation with bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) to humans of different ages, including infants and children [1, 2]. The MFGM is formed during the release of milk fat from the endothelial cell of the lactating mammary gland and is composed of a phospholipid and cholesterol triple layer which contains proteins and glycoproteins [3] (Fig. 1). Milk phospholipids, sphingomyelins, and gangliosides are largely located on the MFGM, although phospholipids are also secreted as smaller vesicles devoid of a triglyceride core, which typically separate from the whey fraction [3, 4]. The proteome of the human MFGM is very complex with several hundred proteins identified, including mucins, butyrophilin, lactoferrin, and lactadherin [5, 6]. Bovine MFGM-rich fractions contain approximately the same number of proteins [7]. MFGM is also rich in sialic acid as part of gangliosides [4] and glycosylated proteins. The genes regulating MFGM synthesis are conserved across species suggesting a functional benefit of this fraction in milk [8], even if the detailed MFGM composition varies among species [6].

Breastfed infants have a higher intake of MFGM components than formula-fed infants because, traditionally, the MFGM fraction is discarded with the milk fat which is replaced by blends of vegetable oils as the source of fat in infant formulas. Resulting from advances in dairy technology, bovine MFGM concentrates are now commercially available and possible to use as a supplement to foods, including infant formulas.