Читать книгу Nutrition and Growth - Группа авторов - Страница 36

Bruun S^1–3, Gouveia-Figueira S⁴, Domellöf M⁵, Husby S^2,3, Neergaard Jacobsen L¹, Michaelsen KF⁶, Fowler CJ⁷, Zachariassen G^2,3

¹Strategic Business Unit Pediatric, Arla Foods Ingredients Group P/S, DK-8260 Viby J, Denmark; ²Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; ³Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark; ⁴Clinical Chemistry, County Council of Västerbotten, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden; ⁵Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; ⁶Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; ⁷Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden

Nutrients 2018;10:1747

Abstract: Regulation of appetite and food intake is partly regulated by N-acylethanolamine lipids oleoylethanolamide (OEA), stearoylethanolamide (SEA), and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), which induce satiety through endogenous formation in the small intestine upon feeding, but also when orally or systemic administered. OEA, SEA, and PEA are present in human milk, and we hypothesized that the content of OEA, SEA, and PEA in mother’s milk differed for infants being heavy (high weight-for-age Z-score [WAZ]) or light (low WAZ) at time of milk sample collection. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentration of OEA, SEA, and PEA in milk samples collected 4 months postpartum from mothers to high (n = 50) or low (n = 50) WAZ infants. Associations between OEA, SEA, and PEA concentration and infant anthropometry at 4 months of age as well as growth from birth were investigated using linear and logistic regression analyses, adjusted for birth weight, early infant formula supplementation, and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index. Mean OEA, SEA, and PEA concentrations were lower in the high compared to the low WAZ group (all p < 0.02), and a higher concentration of SEA was associated with lower anthropometric measures, e.g., triceps skinfold thickness (mm; β –2.235, 95% CI –4.04 to –0.43, p = 0.016), and weight gain per day since birth (g; β –8.169, 95% CI –15.26 to –1.08, p = 0.024). This raises the possibility, that the content of satiety factors OEA, SEA, and PEA in human milk may affect infant growth.

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Comments

Human milk contains a variety of components essential for infant growth, development, and well-being, for example, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, hormones, growth factors, and antimicrobial factors.N-acylethanolamine (NAE) lipids, oleoylethanolamide (OEA), stearoylethanolamide (SEA), and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) were also detected in both human and animal milk [10]. These components were identified as players in the regulation of appetite and food intake [11].The fact that orally administered OEA (and to some extent SEA and PEA) exert some of the same effects as endogenous OEA raises the possibility that the presence of these lipids in human milk plays a role in the regulation of appetite and food intake in breastfed infants.Indeed, in this study, based on human milk samples collected at 4 months of age, there were statistically significant differences in the concentrations between mothers to infants with a low weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) and mothers to infants with a high WAZ at the time of the milk sample collection. The low WAZ group had a higher concentration of satiety factors OEA, PEA, and SEA compared to the high WAZ group. Even after adjustment for maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, birth weight, and supplementation with infant formula within breastfeeding establishment, a lower concentration of OEA, SEA, and PEA was associated with a higher weight gain since birth.However, we must remember that human milk is a dynamic and complex substance that delivers a milieu of hormones and other bioactive components that support infant development. Many other individual components within human milk can modulate weight regulation including leptin, adiponectin, insulin, cytokines, and fatty acids [12]. The interplay between these components and NAE lipids may improve our understanding of different patterns of weight gain and growth in exclusively breastfed infants.

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