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Ultrasonography

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Ultrasound has been successfully used for evaluation of the oral phase of swallowing. Since this modality is non‐invasive and does not disturb the physiology of the oral phase of swallowing, it can be used in addition to videofluoroscopy to evaluate the dysphagic patient. Using this modality, Sonies et al. have described subtle, subclinical changes in the oral phase of swallowing in the elderly [78].

The Esophagus

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