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13 13 Voelzke, B.B. and Leddy, L. (2014). The epidemiology of renal trauma. Transl. Androl. Urol. 3 (2): 143–149.

14 14 Cass, A.S., Luxenberg, M., Gleich, P., and Smith, C.S. (1986). Clinical indications for radiographic evaluation of blunt renal trauma. J. Urol. 136 (2): 370–371.

15 15 Miller, K.S. and McAninch, J.W. (1995). Radiographic assessment of renal trauma: our 15‐year experience. J. Urol. 154 (2 Pt 1): 352–355.

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18 18 McClung, C.D., Hotaling, J.M., Wang, J. et al. (2013). Contemporary trends in the immediate surgical management of renal trauma using a national database. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 75 (4): 602–606.

19 19 Breen, K.J., Sweeney, P., Nicholson, P.J. et al. (2014). Adult blunt renal trauma: routine follow‐up imaging is excessive. Urology 84 (1): 62–67.

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22 22 Esho, J.O., Ireland, G.W., and Cass, A.S. (1973). Renal trauma and preexisting lesions of kidney. Urology 1 (2): 134–135.

23 23 Kuzmarov, I.W., Morehouse, D.D., and Gibson, S. (1981). Blunt renal trauma in the pediatric population: a retrospective study. J. Urol. 126 (5): 648–649.

24 24 Brown, S.L., Elder, J.S., and Spirnak, J.P. (1998). Are pediatric patients more susceptible to major renal injury from blunt trauma? A comparative study. J. Urol. 160 (1): 138–140.

25 25 Al‐Qudah, H.S. and Santucci, R.A. (2006). Complications of renal trauma. Urol. Clin. North Am. 33 (1): 41–53‐vi.

26 26 McAleer, I.M., Kaplan, G.W., and LoSasso, B.E. (2002). Congenital urinary tract anomalies in pediatric renal trauma patients. J. Urol. 168 (4 Pt 2): 1808–1810; discussion 1810.

27 27 Cass, A.S. (1983). Blunt renal pelvic and ureteral injury in multiple‐injured patients. Urology 22 (3): 268–270.

28 28 Morse, T.S., Smith, J.P., Howard, W.H., and Rowe, M.I. (1967). Kidney injuries in children. J. Urol. 98 (5): 539–547.

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30 30 Santucci, R.A., Wessells, H., Bartsch, G. et al. (2004). Evaluation and management of renal injuries: consensus statement of the renal trauma subcommittee. BJU Int. 93 (7): 937–954.

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35 35 Brandes, S.B. and McAninch, J.W. (1999). Urban free falls and patterns of renal injury: a 20‐year experience with 396 cases. J. Trauma 47 (4): 643–649; discussion 649–50.

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37 37 Kawashima, A., Sandler, C.M., Corriere, J.N. et al. (1997). Ureteropelvic junction injuries secondary to blunt abdominal trauma. Radiology 205 (2): 487–492.

38 38 Moore, E.E., Shackford, S.R., Pachter, H.L. et al. (1989). Organ injury scaling: spleen, liver, and kidney. J. Trauma 29 (12): 1664–1666.

39 39 Wein, A.J., Kavoussi, L.R., Novick, A.C. et al. (2011). Campbell‐Walsh Urology. Elsevier Health Sciences 1 p.

40 40 Buckley, J.C. and McAninch, J.W. (2011). Revision of current American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Renal Injury grading system. J. Trauma 70 (1): 35–37.

41 41 Dugi, D.D., Morey, A.F., Gupta, A. et al. (2010). American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grade 4 renal injury substratification into grades 4a (low risk) and 4b (high risk). J. Urol. 183 (2): 592–597.

42 42 Chiron, P., Hornez, E., Boddaert, G. et al. (2015). Grade IV renal trauma management. A revision of the AAST renal injury grading scale is mandatory. Eur. J. Trauma Emerg. Surg. 42 (2): 237–241.

43 43 Figler, B.D., Malaeb, B.S., Voelzke, B. et al. (2013). External validation of a substratification of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma renal injury scale for grade 4 injuries. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 217 (5): 924–928.

44 44 Morey, A.F., McAninch, J.W., Tiller, B.K. et al. (1999). Single shot intraoperative excretory urography for the immediate evaluation of renal trauma. J. Urol. 161 (4): 1088–1092.

45 45 Santucci, R.A. and Fisher, M.B. (2005). The literature increasingly supports expectant (conservative) management of renal trauma – a systematic review. J. Trauma 59 (2): 493–503.

46 46 Moudouni, S.M., Hadj Slimen, M. et al. (2001). Management of major blunt renal lacerations: is a nonoperative approach indicated? Eur. Urol. 40 (4): 409–414.

47 47 Matthews, L.A., Smith, E.M., and Spirnak, J.P. (1997). Nonoperative treatment of major blunt renal lacerations with urinary extravasation. J. Urol. 157 (6): 2056–2058.

48 48 Alsikafi, N.F., McAninch, J.W., Elliott, S.P., and Garcia, M. (2006). Nonoperative management outcomes of isolated urinary extravasation following renal lacerations due to external trauma. J. Urol. 176 (6 Pt 1): 2494–2497.

49 49 Bayne, D.B., Tresh, A., Baradaran, N. et al. (2019). Does routine repeat imaging change management in hihg‐grade renal trauma? Results from three level 1 trauma centers. World J. Urol. 37 (7): 1455–1459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345‐018‐2513‐2. Epub 2018 Oct 1.

50 50 Shirazi, M., Sefidbakht, S., Jahanabadi, Z. et al. (2010). Is early reimaging CT scan necessary in patients with grades III and IV renal trauma under conservative treatment? J. Trauma 68 (1): 9–12.

51 51 Eeg, K.R., Khoury, A.E., Halachmi, S. et al. (2009). Single center experience with application of the ALARA concept to serial imaging studies after blunt renal trauma in children – is ultrasound enough? J. Urol. 181 (4): 1834–1840; discussion 1840.

52 52 Voelzke, B.B. and McAninch, J.W. (2008). The current management of renal injuries. Am. Surg. 74 (8): 667–678.

53 53 Hardee, M.J., Lowrance, W., Brant, W.O. et al. (2013). High grade renal injuries: application of Parkland Hospital predictors of intervention for renal hemorrhage. J. Urol. 189 (5): 1771–1776.

54 54 Nuss, G.R., Morey, A.F., Jenkins, A.C. et al. (2009). Radiographic predictors of need for angiographic embolization after traumatic renal injury. J. Trauma 67 (3): 578–582; discussion 582.

55 55 Charbit, J., Manzanera, J., Millet, I. et al. (2011). What are the specific computed tomography scan criteria that can predict or exclude the need for renal angioembolization after high‐grade renal trauma in a conservative management strategy? J. Trauma 70 (5): 1219–1227; discussion 1227‐8.

56 56 Keihani, S., Rogers, D.M., Putbrese, B.E. et al. (2019). A nomogram predicting the need for bleeding interventions after high‐grade renal trauma: results from the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Multi‐institutional Genito‐Urinary Trauma Study (MiGUTS). J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 86 (5): 774–782.

57 57 Hagedorn, J.C., Quistberg, D.A., Arbabi, S. et al. (2019). Factors associated with secondary overtriage in renal trauma. Urology 130: 175–180.

58 58 Danuser, H., Wille, S., Zöscher, G., and Studer, U. (2001). How to treat blunt kidney ruptures: primary open surgery or conservative treatment with deferred surgery when necessary? Eur. Urol. 39 (1): 9–14.

59 59 Schmidlin, F.R., Rohner, S., Hadaya, K. et al. (1997). The conservative treatment of major kidney injuries. Ann. Urol. (Paris) 31 (5): 246–252.

60 60 Altman, A.L., Haas, C., Dinchman, K.H., and Spirnak, J.P. (2000). Selective nonoperative management of blunt grade 5 renal injury. J. Urol. 164 (1): 27–30; discussion 30‐1.

61 61 Lanchon, C., Fiard, G., Arnoux, V. et al. (2015). High grade blunt renal trauma: predictors of surgery and long‐term outcomes of conservative management. A prospective single center study. J. Urol. 195 (1): 106–111.

62 62 van der Wilden, G.M., Velmahos, G.C., Joseph, D.K. et al. (2013). Successful nonoperative management of the most severe blunt renal injuries: a multicenter study of the research consortium of New England Centers for Trauma. JAMA Surg. 148 (10): 924–931.

63 63 Haller, J.A., Papa, P., Drugas, G., and Colombani, P. (1994). Non‐operative management of solid organ injuries in children. Is it safe? Ann. Surg. 219 (6): 625–628; discussion 628–31.

64 64 Levy, J.B., Baskin, L.S., Ewalt, D.H. et al. (1993). Nonoperative management of blunt pediatric major renal trauma. Urology 42 (4): 418–424.

65 65 Gill, B., Palmer, L.S., Reda, E. et al. (1994). Optimal renal preservation with timely percutaneous intervention: a changing concept in the management of blunt renal trauma in children in the 1990s. Br. J. Urol. 74 (3): 370–374.

66 66 Henderson, C.G., Sedberry‐Ross, S., Pickard, R. et al. (2007). Management of high grade renal trauma: 20‐year experience at a pediatric level I trauma center. J. Urol. 178 (1): 246–250; discussion 250.

67 67 Baumann, L., Greenfield, S.P., Aker, J. et al. (1992). Nonoperative management of major blunt renal trauma in children: in‐hospital morbidity and long‐term followup. J. Urol. 148 (2 Pt 2): 691–693.

68 68 Smith, E.M., Elder, J.S., and Spirnak, J.P. (1993). Major blunt renal trauma in the pediatric population: is a nonoperative approach indicated? J. Urol. 149 (3): 546–548.

69 69 Lee, J.N., Lim, J.K., Woo, M.J. et al. (2015). Predictive factors for conservative treatment failure in grade IV pediatric blunt renal trauma. J. Pediatr. Urol. 12 (2): 93.e1–93.e7.

70 70 Reese, J.N., Fox, J.A., Cannon, G.M., and Ost, M.C. (2014). Timing and predictors for urinary drainage in children with expectantly managed grade IV renal trauma. J. Urol. 192 (2): 512–517.

71 71 Bartley, J.M. and Santucci, R.A. (2012). Computed tomography findings in patients with pediatric blunt renal trauma in whom expectant (nonoperative) management failed. Urology 80 (6): 1338–1343.

72 72 Hagedorn, J.C., Fox, N., Ellison, J.S. et al. (2019). Pediatric blunt renal trauma practice management guidelines: collaboration between the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma and the Pediatric Trauma Society. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 86 (5): 916–925. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0000000000002209.

73 73 Carlton CE Jr, Scott R Jr, Goldman M. The management of penetrating injuries of the kidney. J Trauma. 1968 Nov;8(6):1071‐83.

74 74 Holcroft JW, Trunkey DD, Minagi H, Korobkin MT, Lim RC. Renal trauma and retroperitoneal hematomas‐indications for exploration. J Trauma. 1975 Dec;15(12):1045‐52.

75 75 Atala A, Miller FB, Richardson JD, Bauer B, Harty J, Amin M. Preliminary vascular control for renal trauma. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1991 May;172(5):386‐90.

76 76 McAninch, J.W. and Carroll, P.R. (1982). Renal trauma: kidney preservation through improved vascular control – a refined approach. J. Trauma 22 (4): 285–290.

77 77 Gonzalez, R.P., Falimirski, M., Holevar, M.R., and Evankovich, C. (1999). Surgical management of renal trauma: is vascular control necessary? J. Trauma 47 (6): 1039–1042; discussion 1042–4.

78 78 Meng, M.V., Brandes, S.B., and McAninch, J.W. (1999). Renal trauma: indications and techniques for surgical exploration. World J. Urol. 17 (2): 71–77.

79 79 Smith, T.G. 3rd and Coburn, M. (2013). Damage control maneuvers for urologic trauma. Urol. Clin. North Am. 40 (3): 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2013.04.003. Epub 2013 Jun 29.

80 80 Knudson, M.M., Harrison, P.B., Hoyt, D.B. et al. (2000). Outcome after major renovascular injuries: a Western trauma association multicenter report. J. Trauma 49 (6): 1116–1122.

81 81 Serafetinides, E., Kitrey, N.D., Djakovic, N. et al. (2015). Review of the current management of upper urinary tract injuries by the EAU Trauma Guidelines Panel. Eur. Urol. 67 (5): 930–936.

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83 83 Jebara, V.A., El Rassi, I., Achouh, P.E. et al. (1998). Renal artery pseudoaneurysm after blunt abdominal trauma. J. Vasc. Surg. 27 (2): 362–365.

84 84 Chazen, M.D. and Miller, K.S. (1997). Intrarenal pseudoaneurysm presenting 15 years after penetrating renal injury. Urology 49 (5): 774–776.

85 85 Heyns, C.F., de Klerk, D.P., and de Kock, M.L. (1983). Stab wounds associated with hematuria – a review of 67 cases. J. Urol. 130 (2): 228–231.

86 86 Swana, H.S., Cohn, S.M., Burns, G.A., and Egglin, T.K. (1996). Renal artery pseudoaneurysm after blunt abdominal trauma: case report and literature review. J. Trauma 40 (3): 459–461.

87 87 Lee, R.S. and Porter, J.R. (2003). Traumatic renal artery pseudoaneurysm: diagnosis and management techniques. J. Trauma 55 (5): 972–978.

88 88 Farrell, T.M., Sutton, J.E., and Burchard, K.W. (1996). Renal artery pseudoaneurysm: a cause of delayed hematuria in blunt trauma. J. Trauma 41 (6): 1067–1068.

89 89 Tomita, K., Iwaki, H., Kageyama, S. et al. (2010). Renal arteriovenous fistula induced by blunt renal trauma: a case report. Hinyokika Kiyo 56 (1): 25–28.

90 90 Aulakh, T.S., Hayne, D., and Hinwood, D. (2007). Delayed presentation of arteriovenous fistula 20 years after blunt renal trauma. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 39 (3): 713–715.

91 91 Armstrong, A.L., Birch, B.R., and Jenkins, J.D. (1994). Renal arteriovenous fistula following blunt trauma. Br. J. Urol. 73 (3): 321–322.

92 92 Benson, D.A., Stockinger, Z.T., and Mcswain, N.E. (2005). Embolization of an acute renal arteriovenous fistula following a stab wound: case report and review of the literature. Am. Surg. 71 (1): 62–65.

93 93 Uflacker, R., Paolini, R.M., and Lima, S. (1984). Management of traumatic hematuria by selective renal artery embolization. J. Urol. 132 (4): 662–667.

94 94 Reilly, K.J., Shapiro, M.B., and Haskal, Z.J. (1996). Angiographic embolization of a penetrating traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula. J. Trauma 41 (4): 763.

95 95 Tucci, P., Doctor, D., and Diagonale, A. (1979). Embolization of post‐traumatic renal arteriovenous fistula. Urology 13 (2): 192–194.

96 96 Reigle, M.D., Selzman, A.A., Elder, J.S., and Spirnak, J.P. (1998). Use of ureteral stents in the management of major renal trauma with urinary extravasation: is there a role? J. Endourol. 12 (6): 545–549.

97 97 Buckley, J.C. and McAninch, J.W. (2006). Selective management of isolated and nonisolated grade IV renal injuries. J. Urol. 176 (6 Pt 1): 2498–2502; discussion 2502.

98 98 Heyns, C.F. (2004). Renal trauma: indications for imaging and surgical exploration. BJU Int. 93 (8): 1165–1170.

99 99 Moudouni, S.M., Patard, J.J., Manunta, A. et al. (2001). A conservative approach to major blunt renal lacerations with urinary extravasation and devitalized renal segments. BJU Int. 87 (4): 290–294.

100 100 Husmann, D.A. and Morris, J.S. (1990). Attempted nonoperative management of blunt renal lacerations extending through the corticomedullary junction: the short‐term and long‐term sequelae. J. Urol. 143 (4): 682–684.

101 101 Keihani, S., Anderson, R.E., Fiander, M. et al. (2018). Incidence of urinary extravasation and rate of urethral stenting after high‐grade renal trauma in adults: a meta‐analysis. Transl. Androl. Urol. 7 (Suppl. 2): S169–S178. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2018.04.13.

102 102 Prakash, S.V., Mohan, C.G., Reddy, V.B. et al. (2015). Salvageability of kidney in Grade IV renal trauma by minimally invasive treatment methods. J. Emerg. Trauma Shock 8 (1): 16–20. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974‐2700.145418.

103 103 Keller, M.S., Eric Coln, C., Garza, J.J. et al. (2004). Functional outcome of nonoperatively managed renal injuries in children. J. Trauma 57 (1): 108–110; discussion 110.

104 104 Keller, M.S. and Green, M.C. (2009). Comparison of short‐ and long‐term functional outcome of nonoperatively managed renal injuries in children. J. Pediatr. Surg. 44 (1): 144–147; discussion 147.

105 105 Tasian, G.E., Aaronson, D.S., and McAninch, J.W. (2010). Evaluation of renal function after major renal injury: correlation with the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Injury Scale. J. Urol. 183 (1): 196–200.

106 106 Wessells, H., Deirmenjian, J., and McAninch, J.W. (1997). Preservation of renal function after reconstruction for trauma: quantitative assessment with radionuclide scintigraphy. J. Urol. 157 (5): 1583–1586.

107 107 McGonigal, M.D., Lucas, C.E., and Ledgerwood, A.M. (1987). The effects of treatment of renal trauma on renal function. J. Trauma 27 (5): 471–476.

108 108 Watts, R.A. and Hoffbrand, B.I. (1987). Hypertension following renal trauma. J. Hum. Hypertens. 1 (2): 65–71.

109 109 Lebech, A. and Strange‐Vognsen, H.H. (1990). Hypertension following blunt kidney injury. Ugeskr. Laeger 152 (14): 994–997.

110 110 Meyrier, A., Rainfray, M., and Lacombe, M. (1988). Delayed hypertension after blunt renal trauma. Am. J. Nephrol. 8 (2): 108–111.

111 111 Chedid, A., Le Coz, S., Rossignol, P. et al. (2006). Blunt renal trauma‐induced hypertension: prevalence, presentation, and outcome. Am. J. Hypertens. 19 (5): 500–504.

112 112 Montgomery, R.C., Richardson, J.D., and Harty, J.I. (1998). Posttraumatic renovascular hypertension after occult renal injury. J. Trauma 45 (1): 106–110.

113 113 Goldblatt, H., Lynch, J., Hanzal, R.F., and Summerville, W.W. (1934). Studies on experimental hypertension: I. The production of persistent elevation of systolic blood pressure by means of renal ischemia. J. Exp. Med. 59 (3): 347–379.

114 114 Fuchs, M.E., Anderson, R.E., Myers, J.B., and Wallis, M.C. (2015). The incidence of long‐term hypertension in children after high‐grade renal trauma. J. Pediatr. Surg. 50 (11): 1919–1921.

115 115 von Knorring, J., Fyhrquist, F., and Ahonen, J. (1981). Varying course of hypertension following renal trauma. J. Urol. 126 (6): 798–801.

116 116 Working Group on Renovascular Hypertension (1987). Detection, evaluation, and treatment of renovascular hypertension. Final report. Arch. Intern. Med. 147 (5): 820–829.