Читать книгу The Handbook of Language and Speech Disorders - Группа авторов - Страница 10
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List of Figures
| 3.1 | Age-related hearing loss not caused by disease, noise or substance exposure, as described in ISO 7029 (2012) for 40, 60 and 80 years of age. Data are the means from the male and female values: thick line is the median; boxes are the 25th and the 75th percentiles; and, whiskers are the 10th and the 90th percentiles. |
| 3.2 | Descriptive model of an average postlingually deafened CI candidate showing auditory performance as a function of hearing ability over the entire patient journey. The duration of the decline of moderate hearing loss (mHL) and severe/profound hearing loss (s/p HL) is assumed to be 20 and 10 years, respectively. |
| 6.1 | Concentric circles of influence that impact quality of life. |
| 8.1 | Data from 4,867 parent reports on their (US) children's performance on the Words and Sentences form of the MBCDI. |
| 8.2 | Language Development Scale scores by family background for 132 UK children at 42 months. |
| 14.1 | The Wernicke-Lichtheim model. |
| 14.2 | The cognitive neuropsychological information processing model. |
| 19.1 | Trends in recovery from stuttering. Note the rapid decrease in stuttering for the “recovered group” (●), while a slower decrease is noted for the “persistent group” (⧫). The control group shows little change (△). |
| 19.2 | The demands and capacities model—whenever demand exceeds capacity, stuttering can occur. |
| 21.1 | Main categories of cleft lip and/or palate. |
| 21.2 | Consonant errors typical of speech in children born with cleft palate (cleft speech characteristics). Palate in rest position for anterior and posterior CSCs. |
| 22.1 | The double sigmoid curve model illustrates the fine balance between tumor control and long-term radiation side-effects. As the radiation dose increases over time, the cells in the radiated tissue start dying. This process can be expressed as a sigmoid function. The tumor cells are more vulnerable to the radiation. However, the surrounding healthy tissue is also stressed by the radiation. The double sigmoid curve model allows the radiation oncologist to determine a theoretical cutoff point at which the tumor is largely controlled but the side-effects are still tolerable for the patient. |
| 22.2 | Permanent tracheostoma following total laryngectomy |
| 22.3 | Tracheostoma cover. |
| 22.4 | Heat and moisture exchanger (“artificial nose”). |
| 22.5 | Transcervical electrolarynx. |
| 22.6 | Sound production with a transcervical electrolarynx. |
| 22.7 | Position of the transcervical electrolarynx on the neck. |
| 22.8 | An oral electrolarynx. The metal box contains the batteries and the controls for the external oscillator. A tube is used to transmit the sound from the oscillator into the oral cavity. |
| 22.9 | Sound production with an oral electrolarynx. |
| 22.10 | A laryngectomee using an oral electrolarynx. |
| 22.11 | Production of esophageal speech. (a) Air is injected into the upper esophagus by building up pressure in the oral cavity. (b) As the air is ejected from the upper esophagus, it vibrates the upper esophageal sphincter and generates sound. |
| 22.12 | Sound production using a tracheoesophageal voice prosthesis. |
| 22.13 | Tracheoesophageal voice prostheses. |
| 22.14 | A large lateral lingual carcinoma. |
| 22.15 | Comparison of two patients with lateral lingual resections of similar sizes. (a) Reconstruction using a local closure approach. (b) Reconstruction using a radial forearm free-flap. |
| 22.16 | Patient with an extensive velopharyngeal resection. |
| 22.17 | Speech bulb appliance. |
| 22.18 | Patient with an extensive facial resection, including exenteration of the right eye. |
