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Anatomic and Developmental Abnormalities

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At the time of puberty androgens initiate growth of the juvenile penis and initiate separation of the penile and preputial epithelium [7], as discussed in the section “Abnormalities of the Prepuce.” The sigmoid flexure develops as the penis enlarges and the retractor penis muscles attached to the proximal flexure of the sigmoid maintain the non‐erect penis within the sheath. The rigid tunica albuginea has sufficient strength to effectively contain the pressures generated at the time of erection and gives the erect penis its tubular shape. Uniform filling of the cavernous spaces of the CCP is required for complete erection. The dorsal apical ligament of the penis must elevate the free portion of the erect penis to allow successful intromission.

Bovine Reproduction

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