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1.3.1 Health Impact

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Fluoride upholds healthy teeth and bone development in ranges of 0.7–1.2 mg/L. In developed countries, over 50% of the populations fluoridate water up to this range (Alfredo et al. 2014). However, at higher concentration, i.e. above 1.5 mg/L, it can have disadvantageous health effects as it incorporates into budding enamel crystals and substitutes the hydroxyl ions in the apatite structure. Extended consumption of highly fluoride‐contaminated water during the budding phases of life can cause fluorosis problems linked to mottled or brittle teeth, or even more dangerous in the form of extreme skeletal fluorosis linked with porous bone structures. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that the consumption of highly fluoridated water (>1.5 mg/L) is a health concern.

Groundwater Geochemistry

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