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1 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Sources of fluoride contamination in the environment.Figure 2.2 Remediation techniques for fluoride removal.Figure 2.3 In‐situ remediation techniques: (A and B) Check dams; (C) R...Figure 2.4 Adsorption technique for fluoride removal using various adsorbent...Figure 2.5 Coagulation and precipitation method.

2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 World map showing countries with salinity issues.Figure 3.2 Salinization of inland aquifers.Figure 3.3 Salinization of groundwater in coastal areas.

3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Sources of heavy metal pollution in ground water and their effect...Figure 4.2 Schematic of conventional different conventional methods to decon...

4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 The fate of heavy metals from source to living beings.Figure 5.2 The remediation of heavy metal by permeable reactive barrier (PRB...Figure 5.3 The phytoremediation of heavy metals from shallow groundwater.

5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Common anionic water contaminants.Figure 6.2 Sources of nitrate in water.Figure 6.3 Universal techniques for nitrate removal from water.Figure 6.4 Low‐cost adsorbents used for the removal of nitrate from the wate...

6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Organic micropollutant sources and transportation pathways in the...

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Sources of pharmaceuticals in groundwater.Figure 8.2 Types of steroid hormones in the aquatic environment.Figure 8.3 Source of organic pollutants in the groundwater.Figure 8.4 Point and non‐point source of organic contaminants in the groundw...Figure 8.5 Fate of organic contaminants in the groundwater.

8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 General view of OPs types and their compounds.Figure 9.2 A schematic diagram of the probable sources, pathways, and recept...Figure 9.3 A general schematic of remediation methods used for OPs.

9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 (a) Study area and sampling sites; (b) – (h) Spatial distributio...Figure 10.2 (a) Study area and sampling sites; (b) Piper trilinear distribut...

10 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Schematic overview of contamination of groundwater near to minin...Figure 12.2 Flowchart for selecting a passive AMD treatment system.

11 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Generalized cycle of e‐waste pollutants.

12 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Sources of groundwater pollution.Figure 14.2 Chemicals used in water remediation.Figure 14.3 ZVI synthesis overview.Figure 14.4 ZVI reaction modes.Figure 14.5 Advantages and Limitations of ZVI.

13 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Summary of treatment methods.

14 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Pictorial representation of remote sensing data acquisition and ...Figure 18.2 Schematic diagram of geographic information system.

15 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Water zones.

16 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Location of the study area.Figure 20.2 Field photographs.Figure 20.3 Methodology flowchart.Figure 20.4 Topographical factors: elevation (a) and slope (b).Figure 20.5 Hydrological factors: drainage density (a) and topographical wet...Figure 20.6 Environmental factor (LULC).Figure 20.7 Geological factors: geomorphology (a), geology (b), and distance...Figure 20.8 Hydrochemical factors: pH (a), EC (b), TDS (c), SSP (d) and SAR ...Figure 20.9 Groundwater vulnerability assessment.Figure 20.10 (a) Plot of the litholog data in Sihas village (23.012794 N, 87...Figure 20.11 Accuracy assessment of the predictive model.