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3.5 Effects on Agriculture 3.5.1 Soil Structure

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The bivalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ tend to flocculate, which facilitates penetration of water into roots, whereas the monovalent cations such as Na+ and K+ disperse the clay particles, which reduces the porosity of the soil. Hence the excess amount of Na+ and K+ has a profound impact on the relationship between soil and water, resulting in soil erosion and crop failure (Chibowski 2011).

Groundwater Geochemistry

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