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1 1 In fact, there was a gap between the actual Greek knowledge and attitude concerning the Persian Empire and its stereotypical depiction in political discourse and literature (Madreiter 2012, 180–184).

2 2 Van de Mieroop 2007, 287.

3 3 Imipious Persians: Briant 1996, 531–533. Countless, too: Hdt. 7.61–99; Aesch. Pers. 12, 56–57, 61, 929–930. Brave Greeks: Bridges 2015.

4 4 Graf 1984a, 15.

5 5 Hdt. 7.138; Thuc. 1.18.1–2; Aesch. Pers. 234.

6 6 Hdt. 5.73 with Zahrnt 1992, 256–257; Ruberto 2010, 4, 24.

7 7 Hdt. 5.30, 49–51; cf. Evans 1976 and Manville 1977. Discontent: Chapman 1972; Badian 2004.

8 8 Müller 2017, 76–77.

9 9 Tozzi 1978, 161; Zahrnt 1992, 259.

10 10 Walser 1987, 165.

11 11 Cf. Thuc. 1.73.4; 2.34.5; Aeschin. 3.181.

12 12 Wiesehöfer 2013, 281.

13 13 Heinrichs and Müller 2008, 288; Heinrichs 2017, 88–93.)

14 14 ML no. 27.

15 15 Hdt. 7.143.3, with Heinrichs 2017, 91–3; Hdt. 7.205.2–220.4.

16 16 Arr. Anab. 3.16.7–8; 7.19.1–2 with Müller 2016a, 173–187.

17 17 Cf. Aeschin. 2.172; 3.181; Lyc. Leocr. 70, 73.

18 18 Balcer 1984, 281.

19 19 Thus, Alexander I of Macedon seems to have had an arrangement with Cimon regarding his expansion into parts of Bisaltia in about 477/476 (Heinrichs 2017, 79 n.1). Later on, in the late 460s, when Cimon was tried in Athens, his opponents also relied on his activities in the past, accusing him of having been bribed by Alexander (Plut. Cim. 14.3). For Argead Macedon, obviously, the trouble did not start with the Persian presence in northern Greece but with the Athenians as the new dominating force posing a constant threat to Argead autonomy, policy, and freedom of action under Perdiccas II who found his realm surrounded by Athenian foundations, allies, and members of the Athenian Naval Confederacy (Müller 2017, 125–224).

20 20 Hdt. 7.107; Thuc. 1.98.1; Plut. Cim. 14.1.

21 21 Heinrichs 1989, 85.

22 22 Cf. Kurt Raaflaub, “with few exceptions, the entire range of the Athenian instruments of empire was derived from Persian models” 2009, 97.

23 23 Isoc. Pan. 117–118; Plut. Cim. 13.4–5.

24 24 Invented: Rhodes 2006, 185. Informal: Heinrichs, loc. cit.

25 25 Xen. Hell. 2.1.27–28; Diod. Sic. 13.105–106.

26 26 Welwei 2006, 535–536.

27 27 Xen. Ages. 1.6–7; Hell. 3.4.1, 5; Nep. Ages. 2.1–2.

28 28 Nep. Ages. 3.1–2; Hell. Oxy. 14.1–16.2; 24.1–25.4.

29 29 McKechnie and Kern 1988, 181.

30 30 Satrapal coins bearing the legend and showing his portrait on the obverse, support the view that the naval campaign was financed by Persia.

31 31 Xen. Hell. 5.1.35–36; Diod. Sic. 14.110.3; cf. Cawkwell 1981a. Koine Eirene: Jehne 1994.

32 32 Dem. 15.3; Diod. Sic. 16.21.1–4 with Cawkwell 1981b, 52–55; Rhodes and Osborne no. 22.

33 33 Anab. 2.14.1–2 with Olbrycht 2010c, 350. Arrian, however, problematically refers to a letter written by Darius III to Alexander. Its authenticity is uncertain. But the historical kernel, namely the alliance, might have been trustworthy.

34 34 Wirth 1985, 148–150; Worthington 2008, 170; Müller 2010, 179.

35 35 Plut. Alex. 10.1–3, Ruzicka 2010, 4–11.

36 36 Arr. Anab. 1.23.6–8; Strab. 14.2.17; cf. Ruzicka 1992, 136–139.

37 37 Heckel 2006, 162; Panovski and Sarakinski 2011, 8.

38 38 Revolts: Aesch. 3.239; Din. 1.10; Hyp. 5.17; Diod. Sic. 17.7.2. Demosthenes: Wirth 1999, 75.

39 39 Philip: Flower 2000; Squillace 2010. The generals: Heckel 2016a, 53–55.

40 40 Ashley 1998, 91. The fleet disbanded: Diod. Sic. 17.22.5; Arr. Anab. 2.20.1. Revived: Curt. 3.1.19; Arr. Anab. 3.2.6.

41 41 Heckel and McLeod 2015, 260.

42 42 Heckel 2006, 65; the citiation, Ruzicka 1988, 134.

43 43 The citation, Ruzicka 1988, 144. Levantine events: Ruzicka 2012, 206.

44 44 Scythians: Diod. Sic. 17.59.5, 8; Curt. 4.14.3, 15.14, 15.18; Arr. Anab. 3.8.3, 11.5–6, 13.2, 13.4. Indians: Diod. Sic. 17.59.4; Arr. Anab. 3.8.3, 8.6, 11.5–6, 15.1.

45 45 Heckel 2017a.

46 46 Bessus: Jacobs 1992. India: Bosworth 2003.