Читать книгу Practical Procedures in Implant Dentistry - Группа авторов - Страница 53

The muscles of the head and neck relevant to oral implantology can be categorised as muscles of mastication, which are paired muscles that aid in the process of grinding and chewing food and turning it into a bolus, and muscles of facial expression, which are generally flat paired muscles that enable movements of the face and facial expression. All muscles of mastication are innervated by branches of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3), while all muscles of facial expression are innervated by branches of the facial nerve (CN VII). Tables 6.2 and 6.3 give summaries of key facts [1, 2] and Figure 6.7 shows an anatomical rendering.

Table 6.2 Muscles of mastication summary.

Sources: Al‐Faraje, L. (2013). Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy for Oral Implantology. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co.; Norton, N. (2007). Netter's Head and Neck Anatomy for Dentistry. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action	Innervation
Masseter	Zygomatic arch and maxillary process of zygomatic bone	Lateral surface of ramus of mandible	Elevation and retraction of mandible	Masseteric nerve (CN V3)
Temporalis	Temporal fossa	Coronoid process and anterior margin of the ramus of the mandible	Elevation and retraction of the mandible	Deep temporal nerve (CN V3)
Medial pterygoid	Medial surface of lateral plate of pterygoid process, pyramidal process of palatine bone (deep head); maxillary tuberosity, pyramidal process of palatine bone (superficial head)	Medial surface of mandible	Elevation and side‐to‐side movements of mandible	Medial pterygoid nerve (CN V3)
Lateral pterygoid	Roof of infratemporal fossa (superior head), lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate (inferior head)	Pterygoid fovea of mandible and temporomandibular joint articular disc (superior head) and condylar process (inferior head)	Protrusion and side‐to‐side movements of mandible	Lateral pterygoid nerve (CN V3)

Table 6.3 Muscles of facial expression summary.

Sources: Al‐Faraje, L. (2013). Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy for Oral Implantology. Chicago: Quintessence Publishing Co.; Norton, N. (2007). Netter's Head and Neck Anatomy for Dentistry. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action	Innervation
Orbicularis oris	Deep surface of the skin of the maxilla and mandible	Mucous membranes of the lips	Closes or purses the lips	Buccal and mandibular branches of CN VII
Buccinator	Molar areas of the alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible	Orbicularis oris, lips, and submucosal surfaces of lips and cheeks	Keeps bolus out of vestibule, expels air from oral cavity	Buccal branch of CN VII
Levator labii superiorus	Frontal process of the maxilla and the infraorbital margin	Skin of the upper lip	Elevates upper lip	Buccal and zygomatic branches of CN VII
Depressor labii inferioris	Anterior area of oblique line of mandible	Middle of lower lip	Pulls lower lip inferiorly and laterally	Mandibular branch of CN VII
Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi	Frontal process of maxilla	Alar cartilage and upper lip muscles (levator labii superioris and orbicularis oris)	Elevates the upper lip and dilates nostrils	Buccal and zygomatic branches of CN VII
Mentalis	Frenulum of lower lip	Skin of the chin	Elevates and protrudes the lower lip	Mandibular branch of CN VII
Risorius	Fascia superficial to the masseter muscle	Skin of the angle of the mouth	Retracts the corners of the mouth during smiling broadly and laughing	Buccal branch of CN VII
Depressor anguli oris	Mandible below canines, premolars, and first molars	Skin of corner of mouth and orbicularis oris	Pulls the angle of the mouth inferiorly and laterally	Buccal and mandibular branches of CN VII
Levator anguili oris	Canine fossa of maxilla inferior to infraorbital foramen	Angle of the mouth	Elevates the angle of the mouth	Zygomatic and buccal branches of CN VII
Zygomaticus major	Zygomatic bone (lateral and posterior surfaces)	Muscles of the angle of the mouth	Pulls corner of the mouth laterally and superiorly	Zygomatic branch of CN VII
Zygomaticus minor	Zygomatic bone (lateral and posterior surfaces)	Corner of the upper lip	Pulls upper lip superiorly	Zygomatic branch of CN VII
Nasalis	Transverse part on maxilla Alar part on maxilla	Transverse on aponeurosis at bridge of nose Ala nasi	Compress nostrils Open nostrils	Buccal and zygomatic branches of CN VII
Procerus	Facial aponeurosis of the lower nasal bone	Skin between eyebrows	Pulls eyebrows medially and inferiorly	Temporal and zygomatic branches of CN VII
Orbicularis oculi	Medial orbital margin, medial palpebral ligament, and lacrimal crest	Close muscles occipitofrontalis, corrugator supercilia, eyelids	Closes eyelid	Temporal and zygomatic branches of CN VII
Corrugator supercili	Frontal bone supraorbital ridge	Middle of the eyebrow	Draws the eyebrows medially and inferiorly	Temporal branch of CN VII
Platysma	Skin over lower neck and upper lateral thorax	Inferior border of mandible, skin over lower face, angle of mouth	Wrinkles skin of lower face and neck	Cervical branch of CN VII

Figure 6.7 Muscles of mastication and facial expression.

Source: Life science/Shutterstock.com.