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Lanfranchi, Roaf, and Rollinger 2003 (together with Waters 2005 and Rollinger 2020a) present the best and most comprehensive overview on all available sources of the “Median dilemma” and the problems connected with this issue. Adali 2011 offers a broad introduction to the concept of the ethnic term Umman‐manda in Mesopotamian sources. Sancisi‐Weerdenburg 1988 and 1995, as well as the less well‐known but nevertheless excellent paper Kienast 1999 are still masterpieces of historical analysis of the problem. This also goes for Liverani 2003. On Herodotus and Ctesias see the various contributions in Rollinger, Truschnegg, and Bichler 2011, and Wiesehöfer, Rollinger, and Lanfranchi 2011; cf. also Waters 2017. For the problems connected with the reconstruction of the Median language, Rossi 2010 and 2017 are excellent introductions.