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The many Greek classical sources informing us on the history of the Achaemenid Empire mention numerous people, but the most famous passage must be the one in which Herodotus lists the 20 provinces installed by Darius I (Hist., III 90–97; cf. Jacobs 2003; Ruffing 2009). The provinces are:

1 Ionians, Magnesians in Asia, Aeolians, Carians, Lycians, Milyans, and Pamphylians.

2 Mysians, Lydians, Lasonians, Cabalians, and Hytennians.

3 Hellespontines, Phrygians, Thracians in Asia, Paphlagonians, Mariandynians, and Syrians.

4 Cilicians.

5 The city of Posideium up to Egypt (except the Arabs), including Phoenicia, Palestinia, and Cyprus.

6 Egypt, Libya, Cyrene, Barca.

7 The Sattagydians, Gandharians, Dadicae, and Aparytai.

8 The Susians and the other lands of the Cissians.

9 Babylon and Assyria.

10 The Ecbatanians, the rest of Media, Paricanians, and Orthocorybantes.

11 The Caspians, Pausicae, Pantimathi, and Daritae.

12 The Bactrians as far as the Aegli.

13 The Pactyic region, the Armenians, and the adjacent regions as far as the Black Sea.

14 The Sagartians, Sarangians, Thamanians, Utians, and Mycians.

15 The Saca and Caspians.

16 Parthians, Chorasmians, Sogdians, and Areians.

17 Paricanians and the Ethiopians of Asia.

18 The Matieni, Saspires, and Alarodians.

19 The Moschi, Tibareni, Macrones, Mossynoeci, and Mares.

20 The Indians.

These are the people paying tribute. Other people, only giving presents to the Persian king, are the Arabs, the Ethiopians, and the Colchians. The list is certainly not exhaustive. In the work of the same author, other people occur as well, e.g. in Asia Minor (1.170–180): Caunians, Calyndians, and Pedasians.

Also Xenophon (Cyrop. 1.1.4) gives a list of people subdued by Cyrus II: Medes, Hyrcanians, Surians, Assyrians, Arabians, Cappadocians, Phrygians, Lydians, Carians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Bactrians, Indians, Cilicians, Sacians, Paphlagonians, Magadidians, Greeks in Asia, Cyprians, Egyptians, “and many other nations, whose names one cannot even say.” It should be noted, however, that the conquests of Xenophon's Cyrus are not the same as those of the historical Cyrus (Ambler 2001: p. 287), e.g. Egypt was only conquered by his son Cambyses.